Cellulose industrial uses

Few chemicals have experienced as long and as successful a career us acetic acid, Acetic acid reluins its importance in (he production of vinyl and cellulose acetates Acetic acid is made industrially by oxidation of acetaldehyde or butane in air, or from methanol and carbon monoxide. 

Nishiyama Y, Sugiyama 1, Chanzy H and Langan P (2003) Crystal structure and hydrogenbonding system in cellulose la from synchrotron x-ray and neutron fiber diffraction. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 125(47) 14300-6 Nishiyama Y, Kim U-1, Kim D-Y, Katsumata KS, May RP and Langan P (2003) Periodic disorder along ramie cellulose microfibrils. Biomacromolecules, 4 1013-7 NIST (1995) Voluntary product standard PS 1-95. Construction and industrial plywood. US Department of Commerce, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland... 

Epichlorohydrin or chloromethyloxirane is manufactured from allyl chloride, and, in 2006, had a merchant price of US 1.66 kg [4]. It is used as a building block in the manufacture of plastics, epoxy resins, phenoxy resins, and other polymers, and as a solvent for cellulose, resins, and paints, and has also found use as an insect fumigant. Epoxy resins (aryl glycidyl ethers) are manufactured successfully in large scale (1.2 x 10 metric tons in 2000) [26] and are widely used in a variety of industrial and commercial applications [27]. These are made by addition reactions of epichlorohydrins or by epoxidation of allyl ethers or esters (Table 1.1). Epichlorohydrin can be reacted with an alkali nitrate to produce glycidyl nitrate, an energetic binder used in explosive and propellant compositions. 

Aldol addition of acetone (Figure 7) is an imponani reaction in industry, since it yields diacetone alcohol (DAA) [234] used, for instance, as a soivcni for cellulose. Moreover, it can provide us with some infonnation on the basicity of the tested solids. In principle, both acid... 

Natural polymers are not newcomers in food packaging. Commercial film and paper-based packaging using cellulose or starch is a big industry worldwide. The 2002 Industry Status Report of the US Flexible Packaging Association has reported that in the US alone, the flexible packaging industry, which includes food packaging materials, is worth around 20 billion US dollars. 

The family of hazardous pollutants also includes phenol and its nitro and chloro derivatives. They enter the aquatic environment through waste-waters from many industries, such as petroleum processing and production of plastics, dyes, cellulose, pharmaceuticals, etc., or as the products of pesticides decomposition. Phenols may also arise in drinking water from the reaction of natural humic and fulvic acids with chlorinating disinfectants. Even at non-toxic levels, they deteriorate the taste and odor of drinking water. To address the steady increase in water contamination with phenolic compounds and pesticides, the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has included 26 phenoHc compounds and 32 pesticides and their metaboHtes in the list of priority contaminants. In accordance with regulatory requirements, the allowed tolerance hmit of these pollutants must not exceed O.lpg/L for individual species and 0.5 Xg/L... 

Dyeing of textiles with reactive dyes is a very important industrial process. Unlike in usual cases, there is no dissolution of reactant A from the solid phase, the fiber, followed by reaction in solution, but the reactive dye B from the solution is taken up by the fiber where it reacts with the cellulosate ions to form a uniform chemically bound dye (Figure 15.6). Let us consider a typical reactive dye Procion Brilliant Red 2B ... 

Poly (2-hydroxypropyl. Me) ether Hydro-xypropyl methyl cellulose. HPMC. E463. Hypromellose, USAN. Hydroxypropyl-methylcellulose, JAN. Cellulose hydro-xypropyl methyl ether, BAN, INN [9(X)4-65-3] Prepared by etherification of alkaline cellulose with methyl chloride and propylene oxide. Commercial samples have methyl DS values of 1.1-2.0 and hydroxypropyl MS values of 0.1 - 1.0. Thickening and binding agent with widespread industrial uses in adhesives, building products, films, protective creams and colloids. Approved for food use in US and EU. Used in deep fried batters. Shows better water solubility and electrolyte tolerance than methylcellulose. Component of artificial tears. 

Southern Research Institute Pilot US Lignocellulosics, cellulosics, MSW, coal/biomass, syngas FT-liquids mixed alcohols industrial sugars mixed fossil/lignocellulosic feedstocks for power production Operational... 

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