Cellulose chemical functionalization

Treatments with Chemicals or Resins. Resin treatments are divided into topical or chemical modifications of the fiber itself. Most chemical treatments of synthetic fibers are topical because of the inert character of the fiber itself and the general resistance of the fiber to penetration by reagents. By contrast, cellulosics and wool possess chemical functionality that makes them reactive with reagents containing groups designed for such purchases. Natural fibers also provide a better substrate for nonreactive topical treatments because they permit better penetration of the reagents. 

Heinze T (2004) Chemical functionalization of cellulose. In Dumitriu S (ed) Polysaccharide structural diversity and functional versatility, 2nd edn. Marcel Dekker, New York, p 551... 

However, some excipients have multiple functions. For example, microcrystalline cellulose can function as a filler, a binder, and a disintegrant. As seen in Table 7.3, a typical low-dose formulation could include more than 85% filler—binders. Thus, physical and chemical properties for these specialty excipients are extremely important in a low-dose formulation for manufacturability, product performance, and longterm stability. Because the poor physicomechanical properties of components are not altered during manufacture as they are in the wet or dry granulation process, critical material properties and their impact on product quality attributes should be well characterized and understood.23 Discussion in this section will focus on fillers-binders. For those requiring more information on excipients, several excellent books and review articles are available in the literature.24-27... 

Sources Reprinted from Cellulose Fibers Bio- and Nano-Polymer Composites, Varshney, V.K., and Naithani, S., Chemical functionalization of cellulose derived from nonconventional sources, Kalia, S., Ed., Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany, pp. 43-58. Copyright 2011, with permission from Elsevier Reprinted from Comprehensive Polymer Scierwe, Allen, G. and Bevington, J.C., Eds., Pergamon, Oxford, U.K., pp. 26, 681. Copyright 1986, with permission from Elsevier. 

Varshney, V.K. Naithani, S. Chemical functionalization of cellulose derived from nonconventional sources. In Cellulose Fibers Bio- and Nano-Polymer Composites, Kalia, S., Ed. Springer-Verlag ... 

Cellulosic fibers are characterized by favorable properties such as renewability, biodegradability, environment friendly, excellent affinity for chemical functionalization as well as potential applicability [149]. Cellulosic fibers may be natural, such as cotton, flax, and jute, or regenerated fibers such as lyocell, using NMMO [N-methyl, morpholine-N-oxide] as a solvent for cellulose pulp, viscose, via, more environment-friendly viscose process, as well as bamhoo viscose fibers [24,142,149]. 

As can be seen, cellulose and glucose are on a horizontal line, again indicating that hydrolysis of the polysaccharide to its constituents does not affect the chemical functionality of the carbohydrate. This plot is ideal for use as a tool to assess reactions and how they affect functionality, as explained in full in Sect. 3.2. The two zones of this plot that bear attention are the red zone, where higher or equal F C values compared to the feedstock reside, and the gray zone, where alkanes and fuels are located, with low functionality and a high number of combustible C-H bonds (high H C). 

Chemical Functionalization of Cellulose Derived from Nonconventional Sources... 

Chemical Functionalization of Cellulose Derived from Nonconventional Biomass Dendrocalamus strictus (DCS) and Noxious Weeds Lantana camara (LC)... 

Driven by the challenges to explore and increase the usefulness of ceUulosic biomass from nonconventional sources, possibility for chemical functionalization of cellulose rich biomass derived from bamboo, D. strictus (DS) and noxious weeds - L. camara (LC) and P. hysterophorus (PH) for their utilization was examined. 

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