Phenolics, cell walls

Fry SC, Miller JG. Toward a working model of the growing plant cell wall. Phenolic cross-linking reactions in the primary cell walls of dicotyledons. American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, 1989. 

C11H10O5, Mr 222.20, column-shaped cryst., mp. 178-180 °C, very soluble in polar solvents. A cell wall phenol occurring in many Sphagnum species (peat mosses). For synthesis, see Zi/.. The biosynthesis most probably proceeds via the shikimic acid pathway. ... 

Zagelaar-Jaarsveld K, Smits SAW, van Straten NCR, van der Marel GA, van Boom JH (1996) lodonium ion-assisted synthesis of tetrameric fragment corresponding to the cell wall phenolic glycolipids of Mycobacteinm kansasii Serovar I. Tetrahedron 52 3593-3608... 

Parker ML, Waldron KW (1995) Texture of Chinese water chestnut involvement of cell wall phenolics. J Sci Food Agric 68 337... 

Grambow H J, Grambow G E 1978 The involvement of epicuticular and cell wall phenols of the host plant in the in vitro development of Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici. Z Pflanzenphysiol 91 1-9... 

Hartley, R.D., Morrison, W.H., 111, Himmelsbach, D.S., and Borneman, W.S., Cross-linking of cell wall phenolic arabinoxylans in graminaceous plants. Phytochemistry, 29, 3705,1990. 

PO performs vitally important functions in the plant cell and is mainly associated with the oxidation of phenolic compounds and with the formation and strengthening of the cell wall (Passardi et al., 2004). PO is involved in the oxidative transformation of molecules in growth-regulating or signalling activities and - as a result - can also perform regulatory functions in the cell. Plant POs are represented by genetically different proteins with the same enzymatic activity (Welinder et al., 2002). 

Watermelon cell walls, prepared as follows, were kindly provided by Dr. Niels O. Maness of the Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture of Oklahoma State University. Ripe watermelon mesocarp tissues were placed on ice, diced into small pieces, and then homogenized on ice in Tris-saturated phenol to give enzymically inactive watermelon cell walls [6]. The solids were collected on two layers of mira cloth and washed with water until the smell of phenol was gone. The crude cell walls were further washed with chloroform methanol (1 1, W/V) and acetone until a fluffy consistency was obtained. The acetone-washed cell wall residue was dried in an oven at 60 °C and stored in a brown bottle. 

The Fourier Trairsform Infrared (FTIR) spectrum obtained from non-adapted tomato cell walls is very similar to that from the onion parenchyma cell wall (both contain cellulose, xyloglucan and pectin) although there is more protein in the tomato walls (amide stretches at 1550 and 1650 cm-i) (Fig 4). In DCB-adapted tomato cell walls, the spectrum more closely resembles that of either purified pectins or of a commercial polygalacturonic acid sample from Sigma with peaks in common at 1140, 1095, 1070, 1015 and 950 cm-t in the carbohydrate region of the spectrum as well as the free acid stretches at 1600 and 1414 cm-i and an ester peak at 1725 cm-k An ester band at 1740 cm-i is evident in both onion parenchyma and non-adapted tomato cell wall samples. It is possible that this shift in the ester peak simply reflects the different local molecular environment of this bond, but it is also possible that a different ester is made in the DCB-adapted cell walls, as phenolic esters absorb around 1720 cm-i whilst carboxylic esters absorb at 1740 cm-k The... 

Onions, cv. Bobosa (lOOg) were homogenised in Triton-X-100 (2gl, 500ml), and cell walls collected on a sintered glass funnel. The walls were washed with water and the excess of liquid removed by suction. The walls were then stirred for 30 min in 15ml of phenol-saturated water. The walls were washed extensively with water, cryomilled in liquid nitrogen and dried to a 3.4 1 wall water ratio prior to use. 

Maier, W., H. Peipp et al. (1995). Levels of a terpenoid glycoside (Blumenin) and cell wall-bound phenolics in some cereal mycorrhizas. Plant Physiol. 109(2) 465-470. 

Suberized cell walls stain positively for phenolics with indications that suberin contains monohydroxyphenolic rings and has fewer O-methoxy groups than lignin. 

Kang YH, Parker CC, Smith AC and Waldron KW. 2008. Characterization and distribution of phenolics in carrot cell walls. J Agric Food Chem 56(18) 8558-8564... 

The conquest of the land by plants necessitated the development of a coating, the cuticle, that would reduce water loss. Suberin and cutin vary in their proportion of fatty acids, fatty alcohols, hydroxyfatty acids, and dicarboxylic acids. The cuticle is synthesized and excreted by the epidermis of aerial portions of the plant, such as the primary stems, leaves, flower organs, and fruits. The two major hydrophobic layers that contribute to the cuticle are composed of phenolic molecules combined with lipid polymers. Cutin is a polymer found in the outer cell wall of the epidermis, which is... 

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