Cell morphological features

Resistance to antimicrobial agents is of concern as it is well known that bacterial resistance to antibiotics can develop. Many bacteria already derive some nonspecific resistance to biocides through morphological features such as thek cell wall. Bacterial populations present as part of a biofilm have achieved additional resistance owkig to the more complex and thicker nature of the biofilm. A system contaminated with a biofilm population can requke several orders of magnitude more chlorine to achieve control than unassociated bacteria of the same species. A second type of resistance is attributed to chemical deactivation of the biocide. This deactivation resistance to the strong oxidising biocides probably will not occur (27). 

Annexin V PT UOS staining is another procedure which allows to label the cells by allowing the observation of the morphological features of apoptosis. 

Figure 2.1. Development of blood cells. The development of blood cells occurs in the bone marrow. All cells arise from the differentiation of pluripotent or multipotent stem cells, which have the capacity for self-renewal, or else can divide into more mature cells types. The morphological features of the mature blood cell types is shown.

Figure 2.4. Neutrophil development. Morphological features of neu- Segmented or trophils and neutrophil precursors. mature cell...

Jeffery PK (1983) Morphologic features of airway surface epithelial cells and glands. Am Rev Respir Dis 128(2 Pt 2) S14—S20. 

While morphological features of AECs are well characterised, only few molecules have been identified which can be used as clear signatures for the respective cell type. These markers are summarised in the following paragraphs. The best marker for AT II cells is SP-C, which is exclusively expressed in this cell type. All other SP, such as SP-D, are also expressed in cells of the bronchial epithelium or even other epithelial cells of the body [16]. 

Although taxanes bind to p-tubulin promoting microtubule polymerization and stabilization of the spindle complex, they serve to cause a sustained mitotic block at the metaphase/anaphase boundary. This block will occur at a lower concentration than that which is required to increase the microtubule mass (10). However, it is not completely clear how this interaction with microtubules translates into cell death. Morphologic features and the characteristic DNA fragmentation patterns seen in the setting of apoptosis have been documented in tumor cells after therapy with taxanes (10). These observations are accompanied by the phosphorylation of Bcl-2, an anti-apoptotic protein, changing the cellular balance between Bax and Bcl-2 to a status that favors apoptosis (11). 

HCA refers to the application of a recently developed technology that consolidates and automates microscopy, cytochemistry, imaging and bioinfomatics. These are applied to cells in various microtiter plate formats or on glass slides. Multiple morphologic features and fluorescence signals can be measured simultaneously. 

Eucaryotic cells execute their reproduction in a cyclic process, in which at least two phases, a S phase and a M phase, can be differentiated on the basis of biochemical and morphological features. The biochemical characteristic of the S (synthesis) phase is the replication of nuclear DNA and thus doubling of the genetic information. In M (mitosis) phase, division of the chromosomes between the daughter cells is prepared and carried out. 

Ploer, C.G. (1983). Comparative morphologic features of bronchiolar epithelial cells The Clara cell. Am. Rev.Resp. Dis., 128, s37-s41. 

Fig. 16. Schematic presentation of the morphological features of gas diffusion electrodes for fuel cells of (A) PTFE-bonded and Pt-activatcd Hi anodes and O2 cathodes used for Oi reduction in acidic and alkaline fuel cells (a) support, (b) hydrophobic gas diffusion layer, (c) hydrophilic electrode layer, (d) electrolyte, (e) magnified schematic of PTFE-bonded soot electrode, (f) adjacent hydrophobic layer, (g) microporous soot particles, (h) gas channels (mesopores), (k) PTFE particles, (I) flooded micro- and mesopores, (B) Schematic presentation of the morphology of PTFE-bonded Raney-nickel anodes used in alkaline fuel cells ol the Siemens technology.

Figure 8. Microphotographs illustrating the morphological features of cell groups/ nests representative of activities after nine DIV. Arrows point to the different membranous structures characteristic of cell nests, (a) yJOO (b)-(f) y 2100.

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