Cell-average technique

In the extended CFAR case a cell averaging technique is used in each part of the range window but with a greatest of selection (CAGO-CFAR). 

Let us start by discussing the implication related to the choice of a particular discretization and the restoration of autonomy for second-order point processes by using two different approaches the fixed (and moving) pivot technique and the cell-average technique. If represents an additive property of the particle (e.g. the particle mass), the source term for a second-order point process is... 

Kumar, J., Peglow, M., Warnecke, G. Heinrich, S. 2008a The cell average technique for solving multi-dimensional aggregation population balance equations. Computers and Chemical Engineering 32,1810-1830. 

Kumar J, Peglow M, Wameche G, Heinrich S, Mori L (2006) Improved accuracy and convergence of discretized population balance for aggregation the cell average technique. Chem Eng Sci61(10) 3327-3342... 

It should be recalled that the solution of crystal structures by diffraction techniques involves at least two kinds of averaging, the time average and the average content of the unit cell. Other techniques which observe on a shorter time scale may legitimately suggest a lower local symmetry in the same phase than that obtained by crystallography. 

The theoretical density of a solid with a known crystal structure can be determined by dividing the mass of all the atoms in the unit cell by the unit cell volume, (Chapter 1, Section 1.12). This information, together with the measured density of the sample, can be used to determine the notional species of point defect present in a solid that has a variable composition. However, as both techniques are averaging techniques they say nothing about the real organisation of the point defects. The general procedure is ... 

Thermal excitation of this mode leads at room temperature to the flipping of the buckled dimer such that temporarily averaging techniques such as scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) observe a symmetric dimer. For further discussion of the surface phonons, which are localized mainly within the first two atomic layers, it is illustrative to consider that in a simpHfied approach one expects 12 different modes at a given wave vector. This results from the three degrees of freedom, namely, motion in x, y, and z direction, per four atoms (in the first and second Si layer) within the (2x1) unit cell. The 12 phonon modes at the F point are sketched in Figure 8.2.25 [58]. Four modes, Aj — are polarized shear horizontally with respect to the mirror plane, which contains the Si-Si dimer bond and the surface... 

Wetting phenomena on irregularly rough surfaces have not been studied so far. It seems quite reasonable to use computer simulation methods for this purpose. Of course, such computer simulation would be very expensive as the finite size of the simulation cells would require appropriate averaging over different spatial distributions of surface inhomogeneities. Nevertheless, with modern fast computers and using multispin coding techniques such calculations can be efficiently carried out for lattice gas systems. 

The recent development and application of methodologies sensitive at the single cell wall level has shown that traditional bulk analytical techniques average out important intrinsic heterogeneity in sampled populations. By exploring the diversity of cell walls using novel cryopreservation techniques for electron microscopy and non-invasive... 

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