Cefazolin activity

The crystallization energy, extrapolated for the warming rate zero is calculated for mannitol (13.5 kJ/Mol) and forNa-cefazolin (39,1 kJ/Mol). These data agree with measurements by other methods. The activation energies are generated with certain assumptions to be 335 kJ/Mol for mannitol and 260 kJ/Mol for Na-cefazolin. DeLuca L1.31J derived at with slightly different data at a warming speed of 0.625 °C/min, he found 16.3 kJ/Mol for mannitol and 41.8 kJ/Mol for Na-cefazolin. 

L B. The patient has complicated urinary tract infection and nonsevere sepsis syndrome caused by P. aeruginosa. Effective antibiotics for Pseudomonas spp. include mezlocillin, piperacillin, piperacillin-tazobactam, ticarcillin, and ticarciUin-clavulanate. The carbapenems (imipenem and meropenem) and the monobactam (aztreonam) are also active against P. aeruginosa. Ampicillin-sulbactam and cefazolin are ineffective against P. 

Penicillins (bactericidal inhibit cell wall crosslinking) e.g., benzylpenicillin, phenoyxmethylpenicillin, ampicillin, amoxicillin, flu-cloxacillin, methicillin, piperacillin Cephalosporins (bactericidal inhibit cell wall crosslinking) e.g., cefaclor, cefalexin, cefradine, cefuroxime, cefazolin, cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, cefoxitin, cefsulodin, ceftazidime, ceftizoxime Monobactams (bactericidal, P-lactam-like activity) e.g., aztreonam... 

Among the semisynthetic derivatives, cephalothin (9.47) is the most widely used since it is a broad-spectrum antibiotic resistant to lactamase. Its main drawback is that it must be injected. Cefazolin (9.48) and cephaloridine (9.49) are metabolized to a lesser extent cephalexin (9.50, analogs to ampicillin) is orally active and has a much higher acid stability than the penicillins. Cefotaxime (9.51) and moxalactam (9.52) are highly active against meningitis. 

Cefazolin is a first-generation cephalosporin with antibacterial activity similar to that of penicillin G but it is -lactamase-resistant. It is poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and, thus, it is primarily administered parenterally. It is widely used for ticatment of mastitis in lactating cows, sheep, and goats and for treatment at drying off by the intramammary route. 

Stoichiometric hydrates are the most important solvates affecting the solubility of marketed pharmaceuticals. Hemihydrates, monohydrates, and dihydrates are the most common stoichiometric ratios of water incorporated into the crystalline lattice of drugs. Pfeiffer et al. (1970) have shown how different hydrates of cephalosporins could be isolated from solvent systems of varying water activity. Cephalexin has a monohydrate and a dihydrate form, which are stable under different relative humidity conditions. Cefazolin has a monohydrate, a sesquihydrate (1.5 moles water), and a pentahydrate form (Byrn and Pfeiffer, 1992). Jozwiakowski et al. (1996) have found that lamivudine can form a 0.2 hydrate, where only one of L ve lamivudine molecules in the crystal lattice is associated with a water molecule. Multiple solvates can be formed for the same drug Stephenson et al. (1994) have shown that dithromycin can crystallize in at least nine solvate forms, including a cyclohexane trisolvate and an acetonitrile trihydrate. In addition, Byrn et al. (1995) have noted that desolvated forms of some drugs have unique properties that differ from their nonsolvated counterparts. 

Distribution All of these antibiotics distribute very well into body fluids. However, adequate therapeutic levels in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), regardless of inflammation, are achieved only with the third generation cephalosporins (for example, ceftriaxone or cefotaxime are effective in the treatment of neonatal and childhood meningitis caused by Haemophilus influenzae). Cefazolin (se FA zo lin) finds application in orthopedic surgery because of its activity against penicillinase-producing Staphylococcus aureus, its half-life and its ability to penetrate bone. 

These resemble the penicillins structurally, in mode of action and in general lack of toxicity. They are primarily excreted by the kidney by tubular secretion and some also by glomerular filtration (e.g. cephalothin) or only by glomerular filtration (e.g. cefazolin). Cefoperazone is excreted by the bile. Cefotaxime undergoes hepatic biotransformation to active metabolites. Hypersensitivity reactions are qualitatively similar to those of the penicillins, but the epileptogenic potential is less. 

The (Z)-6-heterocyclylmethylene penam sulphones were shown to be effective 5-lactamase inhibitors and potent ampicillin and cefazolin potentiators against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative yff-lactamase producing bacteria [79]. In particular, several of these analogues having a r-deficient 2-heteroaryl substituent attached to the C-6 methylene positon, such as the 6-(2-pyridyl)methylene derivative (28), displayed exceptional activity. In combination with ampicillin or cefazolin they exhibited... 

Cefazolln Sodium, Sterile, USP. Cefazolin (Ancef. Kefzol) is one of a. series of scmisynthctic ccphalottporins in which the C-3 acetoxy function has been replaced hy a thiol-containing hctcrocycle—here. 5-mcthyl-2-thio-1..3.4-thiadia/olc. It also contains the somewhat unusual tctra/oly-lacetyl acylating group. Cefazolin was released in 197.3 as a water-.soluble stxlium salt. It is active only by parenteral adtninistration. 

To evaluate cost impact of two DUE activities performed by undergraduate pharmacy students OD Historical control None DCA Cefazolin dosing modification (q6h to q8h) resulted in savings of 18,000 substitution of metronidazole for clindamycin saved S21,000 Input costs not considered clinical outcomes not considered... 

Single-dose prophylaxis is appropriate for many types of surgery. First-generation cephalosporins (e.g., cefazolin) are the mainstay for prophylaxis in most surgical procedures because of their spectrum of activity, safety, and cost. 

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