CC subfamily

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Favoni RE, De Cupis A. The role of polypeptide growth factors in human carcinomas new targets for a novel pharmacological approach. Pharmacol Rev 2000 52 179-206. Noonberg SB, Benz CC. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors targeted to the epidermal growth factor receptor subfamily. Drugs 2000 S9 753-67. 

Table 6 Properties of human proinflammatory CC chemokine subfamily ...

Robertson MJ, Williams BT, Christoplierson K 2nd, Brahmi Z, Hromas R Regulation of human natural killer cell migration and proliferation by the exodus subfamily of CC chemokines. Cell Immunol 2000 199 8-14. 

Chemokines are a family of small, structurally related molecules that play a fundamental role in the development, homeostasis, and function of the immune system (overview provided in Chap. 1). Four closely related subfamilies of chemokines have now been characterized (13,14). Of these, members of two subfamilies in particular have definitively been shown to participate in pulmonary antimicrobial host responses. The ELR+ CXC chemokine family members, which includes CXCLl-8 and CXCL15, have predominant neutrophil stimulatory and chemotactic activities, whereas the ELR CXC chemokines and CC chemokine family exerts predominant chemotactic and/or activating effects on macrophages, specific T cell populations, and/or eosinophils (14). Several lines of evidence would suggest that CXC and CC chemokines represent integral components of antimicrobial host defense. First, the well characterized in vitro and in vivo leuko-... 

The CC chemokines have the first two-cysteine residues adjacent to each other (Cysteine-Cysteine). This subfamily usually does not act on resting neutrophils and is predominantly known as potent mononuclear cell chemoattractants (i.e., mononuclear phagocytes, lymphocytes, NK cells, basophils, and eosinophils) with variable selectivity. Similar to the CXC chemokines, the NH2-terminal amino acids preceding the CC residues determine their biologic activity and leu-... 

Sequence analysis of the 145 kh KSHV genome revealed one ORF, ORF74, with the hallmark of a chemokine receptor and three ORFs, K6, K4 and K4.1, encoding the chemokines vCCLl, vCCL2 and vCd.3 respectively. vCCL2 is unique in the chemokine system because it binds to and antagonizes receptors from all of the four chemokine receptor subfamilies (CC, CXC, XC and Besides having sprecific pro- and/or anti- chemotactic properties, all... 

Although most chemokines recognize more than one receptor, it seems to be a general rule that CC receptors only bind CC chemokines, whereas CXC chemokines are recognized by CXC receptors. Thus there is no crossreactivity between members of the four chemokine subfamilies [8j. However, exceptions to this rule have been published [12-15]. 

The family of cytokines that recruits specific types of leukocytes is called the chemokines. Chemokines have conserved cysteine residues and are classified into C, CC, CXC, and CX3C subfamilies. We will focus here on the discussions of C and CX3C chemokines. 

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