Cavity loss function

The effect of the sample is not only to increase the cavity loss function but also to broaden its frequency response. Both these cause a modification of the signal observed by an FM spectrometer and will be considered in more detail in Section 6.8. 

We perform concrete calculations in the complex P-representation [Drummond 1980 McNeil 1983] in the frame of both probability distribution functions and stochastic equations for the complex c-number variables. We follow the standard procedures of quantum optics to eliminate the reservoir operators and to obtain a master equation for the density operator of the modes. The master equation is then transformed into a Fokker-Planck equation for the P-quasiprobability distribution function. In particular, for an ordinary NOPO and in the case of high cavity losses for the pump mode (73 7), if in the operational regime the pump depletion effects are involved, this approach yields... 

All the experimental techniques described here involve the determination of the delay time between initiation of the pumping pulse and laser-pulse onset, or the coincidence of two such delay times belonging to different transitions. An analytical model has been presented by Chester et al. 116> to describe the delay re between flashlamp initiation and the start of the laser signal in the flash-photolysis HF chemical laser. The model has been used to predict the functional dependence of re on pressure, flashlamp intensity, optical-cavity losses, and the absolute magnitude of rc. However, the possible extension of this work to a detailed vibrational energy-partitioning study has not been demonstrated so far. 

Plotted in Fig. 12 is the zero-frequency output spectrum F(0) as a function of A. The incoherent pump rate A, the atomic decay rate yi and the cavity loss rate k (the cavity loss rates for the two modes are assumed to be equal to k) are scaled in units of 72. The cooperativity parameter is defined as Co=2g AY(Ky2). The parameters are chosen as Cq=200, yi =0.02 (solid), 0.03 (dotted), 0.05(dashed). When large cooperativity parameter is large (Co l), the system operates... 

A laser with a homogeneously-broadened line is operated in a cavity in which one mirror is perfectly reflecting while the other has an output transmission of t. The total round trip loss of the cavity is therefore given by 6 = t + 6 where 6 represents the unavoidable fractional cavity losses. Plot the laser output power for several different values of 6 as a function of the mirror transmission t and show that the mirror transmission for maximum output power is given by... 

The drying protoplast will be subjected to tension as the result of volume contraction and its adherence to the cell wall. Early observations (Steinbrick, 1900) on desiccation tolerant species showed that the protoplasm does not separate from the wall, but rather that it folds and cavities develop in the wall. Where there are thick-walled cells, localised separation of the plasmalemma from the wall may occur. It seems unlikely, however, that rupture of the plasmalemma normally occurs during desiccation. A more subtle form of membrane damage may arise from dehydration-induced conformational changes. Certainly it is relatively easy to demonstrate that dehydrated membranes exhibit a loss of functional integrity... 

Considering that only reflection losses due to the mirrors of the cavity cause the decrease of the energy stored in the resonator modes, determine the expression for the mean lifetime of a photon in the resonator as a function of the reflectivities of the mirrors, R and R2. 

The constant S on the left-hand side of (35) contains only parameters of the resonator, i.e., the active length L, and reflectivity R. Other types of losses, like scattering, diffraction, etc., may be accounted for by an effective reflectivity, Ren The value (A) is the minimum fraction of the molecules that must be raised to the first singlet state to reach the threshold of oscillation. One may then calculate the function (A) from the absorption and fluorescence spectra for any concentration m of the dye and value 5 of the cavity. In this way one finds the frequency for the minimum of this function. 

Here, r denotes the position vector of the charges qt with respect to the center of the sphere, and r, the distance from the center. By applying the dielectric scaling function for dipoles (Eq. (2.3)), which—as we have seen in Fig. 2.1—is also a good approximation for most other multipole orders, it was immediately clear that the idea of using a scaled conductor instead of the EDBC leads to a considerable simplification of the mathematics of dielectric continuum solvation models, with very small loss of accuracy. It may also help the finding of closed analytic solutions where at present only multipole expansions are available, as in the case of the spherical cavity. Thus the Conductor-like Screening Model (COSMO) was bom. 

Figure 4. Measured energy loss of pastes of yeast cells and of monocellular algae at 53 GHz as a function of temperature. The energy loss of ice is shown for comparison. All curves have been normalized to unity at —196°C. The measurements were performed with the untuned-cavity technique.

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