Causal marks

Step 6. Complete the power flow connections (Fig. 11.12). Note that 1 junctions also represent the summation of forces. (Do not worry about causal marks at this point.) Enter this bond graph model in CAMPG (Fig. 11.13). 

Fig. 11.13 Bond graph entered in CAMPG. Causal marks automatically completed...

Step 5. Attach the elements that experience those relative currents (Fig. 11.21). These are represented by 1 junction also. Assign power into those elements. Complete power flow connec-tions if necessary. (Do not worry about causality marks at this point.)... 

Fig. 11.22 Complete CAMPG bond graph model with causality marks, power flow, and automatically assigned bond numbers...

HP infection causes gastritis in all infected individuals and is causally linked to PUD. However, only about 20% of infected persons develop symptomatic PUD. Most non-NSAID ulcers are infected with HP, and HP eradication markedly decreases ulcer recurrence. HP may cause ulcers by direct mucosal damage, altering the immune/inflammatory response, and by hypergastrinemia leading to increased acid secretion. 

Zafirlukast and montelukast are generally well tolerated. Rare elevations in serum aminotransferase concentrations and clinical hepatitis have been reported. An idiosyncratic syndrome similar to the Churg-Strauss syndrome, with marked circulating eosinophilia, heart failure, and associated eosinophilic vasculitis, has been reported in a small number of patients a direct causal association has not been established. 

Pancreatitis Pancreatitis has been observed in patients receiving lopinavir/ritonavir therapy, including those who developed marked triglyceride elevations. Fatalities have been observed. Although a causal relationship to lopinavir/ritonavir has not been established, marked triglyceride elevation is a risk factor for development of pancreatitis. 

In humans, 2,4-D in large doses can cause coma and generalized muscle hypotonia. Rarely, muscle weakness and marked hypotonia may persist for several weeks. In laboratory animals, signs of liver and kidney dysfunction have also been reported with chlorphenoxy herbicides. Several epidemiologic studies performed by the US National Cancer Institute confirmed the causal link between 2,4-D and non-Hodgkin s lymphoma. Evidence for a causal link to soft tissue sarcoma, however, is considered equivocal. 

The path diagram marks the correlations of all primary independent variables and their assumed causal influence on other independent variables and on dependent variables. In addition, all relationships between dependent variables are indicated. 

Chirality, in its many and varied manifestations, is ubiquitous a concept rooted in mathematics, it permeates all branches of the natural sciences.1 In 1848, Louis Pasteur announced his epochal discovery of a causal relationship between the handedness of hemihedral sodium ammonium tartrate crystals and the sense of optical rotation of the tartrates in solution.2 This discovery, which marks the beginning of modem stereochemistry, connected enantiomorphism on the macroscopic scale to enantiomorphism on the molecular scale and thus led to Pasteur s recognition that the optical activity of the tartrates is a manifestation of dissymetrie moleculaire, 3 that is, of molecular chirality. 

Marks, F., Muller-Decker, K., and Furstenberger, G., A causal relationship between unscheduled eicosanoid signaling and tumor development cancer chemoprevention by inhibitors of arachidonic acid metabolism, Toxicology, 153, 11, 2000. 

Some of the association between atrial fibrillation and stroke must be coincidental because atrial fibrillation can be caused by coronary and hypertensive heart disease, both of which may be associated with atheromatous disease or primary intracerebral hemorrhage. Although anticoagulation markedly reduces the risk of first or recurrent stroke, this is not necessarily evidence for causality because this treatment may be working in other ways, such as by inhibiting artery-to-artery embolism, although trials of warfarin in secondary prevention of stroke in sinus rhythm have shown no benefit over aspirin (Ch. 24). 

The prognosis of cirrhosis caused by toxins (alcohol or medicament abuse, chemical agents, iron storage, etc.) is usually markedly improved by eliminating the causal noxa. Recognition and treatment of secondary immuno-reactions, which may occur concomitantly, are also important. As a result of such reactions, the prognos-tically favourable effect of abstention (e.g. alcohol, pharmacons) may be reduced unless adequate countermeasures with drugs are possible. 

Marked leukopenia was reported in one retrospective study in children receiving etamsylate, but a causal hnk was not firmly established (1,22). 

Phenazone nephrotoxicity is well-established, but information is limited. Experimental papillary necrosis can easily be provoked analgesic nephropathy is probably a real danger with antipyrine, especially when it is combined with a stronger inhibitor of prostaglandin sjmthesis. The effect is probably toxic, since inhibition of prostaglandins is not a marked characteristic of phenazone. Two reports have suggested a causal link between phenazone and renal carcinoma, as is well-known for phenacetin (3,4), but this has not been confirmed. 

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