Cation popping

Y. Ikenoue, J. Chiang, A. O. Patil, F. Wudl, A. J. Heeger, Verification of the cation-popping doping mechanism of self-doped polymers, Journal of the American Chemical Society 1988, 110, 2983. 

PSTASHs), and the sodium ion of the corresponding sodium salt, were dispelled into solution upon oxidation [10,11]. Figure 20.8 shows the increase in sodium ion concentration versus applied potential (versus Ag/ AgCl) upon oxidation of the sodium salt derivative. The term cation-popping was coined to describe die... 

Ikenoue, Y., Uotani, N., Patil, A. O., Wudl, F., and Heeger, A. J. (1987) "Electrochemical studies of self-doped conducting polymers verification of the cation-popping doping mechanism", J. Am. Chem. Soc. 109, 1858-1859. 

Plasma Plasma is a gas-like state in which electrons pop off gaseous atoms to produce a mixture of free electrons and cations (atoms or molecules with positive charge). For most types of matter, achieving the plasma state requires very high temperatures, very low pressures, or both. Matter at the surface of the sun, for example, exists as plasma. 

Similarities between [Ru(bpy),]2+ (discussed in Chapter 13) and [Pt,(pop)J4 are apparent. Reactive excited states are produced in each when it is subjected to visible light. The excited state ruthenium cation, [Ru(bpy)3]" +, can catalytically convert water to hydrogen and oxygen. The excited slate platinum anion, [Pt,(pop)J 4-, can catalytically convert secondary alcohols to hydrogen and ketones. An important difference, however, is that the ruthenium excited stale species results from (he transfer of an electron from the metal to a bpy ligand, while in the platinum excited state species the two unpaired electrons are metal centered. As a consequence, platinum reactions can occur by inner sphere mechanisms (an axial coordination site is available), a mode of reaction rot readily available to the 18-clectron ruthenium complex.-03... 

Pt2(P205H2)4, also known as Pt2(POP)4, in the presence of tetrabutylam-monium (TBA) salts as electrolyte [19,20], ECL has also been observed from palladium and platinum a, 3,y,5-tetraphenylporphyrin complexes, and also via self-annihilation of the electrogenerated anion and cation radicals [21],... 

In summary, the triplet (do po) excited states of the d -d metal dimers [Ir(p-pz)(C0D)]2 and Pt2(pop)4 " undergo a variety of photochemical reactions. Electron transfer to one-electron quenchers such as pyridinium cations or halocarbons readily occurs with acceptors that have reduction potentials as negative as -2.0 V. With the latter reagents, net two-electron, photoinduced electron transfer yields d -d oxidative addition products. Additionally, the triplet (da pa) excited state of Pt2(pop)4 apparently is able to react by extracting a hydrogen atom from a C-H bond of an organic substrate. 

The reaction has been used to synthesize libraries of benzonaphthyridines 196, in high diastereoselectivity, from the cycloaddition of 1,4-dihydrop3Tidines with imines formed from aldehydes and anilines. When cyclic enol ethers were used as dienophUes, mixtures of diastereomers 197 were obtained. These compounds were oxidized to the corresponding quinolines 198 and were further transformed to the quinolinium salts 199 as shown in Scheme 36 [76]. Compounds 196 and 198 were tested for their ability to inhibit human propyl oligopeptidase (POP) and were found to have modest potencies. Much better results were obtained when the quinoline nitrogen was methylated to provide adducts 199. The cationic center improved the inhibitory activity of these compounds (Fig. 23). 

Burnard P. G., Graham D., and Turner G. (1997) Vesicle specific noble gas analyses of Popping Rock imph-cations for primordial noble gases in Earth. Science 276, 568-571. 

As a diplatinum complex [Pt2(pop)4]" (pop = diphosphite) has an excited state with a long lifetime, ca. 7 ts, we selected it as the first sample [37]. For the cations, five alkylammonium cations were selected, as shown in Figure 5-23. For the tetrabutylammonium (Bu), tetrapentylammonium (Pn) and benzyltriethylammo-nium (Bzte) cations, there are two crystal forms, named Bui and Bu2, Pnl and Pn2, and Bztel and Bzte2, respectively. On analysis of these eight crystal structures, the Pt anions in all crystals except Bzdmp were found to have two extra protons the Pt anions should be represented as [Pt2(pop)2(popFI)2] hence only two cations are included for a Pt anion in those crystals. The Bu2 and Bzte2 crystals have a... 

Trade Name Synonyms Emcol CC-9 [Goldschmidt http //www.goldschmidt.com] PPG-25 diethylmonium chloride Synonyms POP (25) methyl diethyl ammonium chloride Quaternium-20 Classification Quaternary ammonium salt Formula [CH3N(CH2CH3)2(CH2CH3CHO)nHrcr. avg. n = 25 Properties Cationic... 

Chlorobenzenes are well known as important precursors of PCDD/Fs and are suitable model compounds for the complete oxidation of chlorinated POPs. Noble metal-based catalysts such as Pt/Al203 show high efficiencies but promote the formation of polychlorinated benzenes. Zeolites have unique properties for the deep oxidation of chlorinated compounds thanks to their well-defined framework and the presence of acid sites or transition metal cations. As stated by Corma, zeohtes present interesting properties of reactant/product partitioning and of molecules preactivated by the molecular confinement effect. Moreover, their adsorptive properties can be modulated by modifying the nature of the extra framework cations and the Si/Al ratio. 

Vesicle formation with pure phosphonucicosides was difficult. With POP-U and DOP-U only a few veiy small vesicles formed whereas with POP-A, DOP-A, DOP-C, and DOP-I, vesicles were not formed. However when the phosphonucicosides were mixed with POPC (1 1 for POP-U and DOP-U or 1 4 for POP-A and DOP-I) vesicle formation was successful and the vesicles could also be stained with YO-PRO-1 (Figure 4.1 (B-E)). YO-PRO-1 is a cationic cyanine dye containing benzox-... 

Figure 3.7 illustrates a direct relationship between the specific rate constants for the degradation of a polyphosphate at pH 4 and the number of electrons per average POP linkage in various polyphosphates. It is easily seen why the more active bond of adenosine triphosphate is the predominant point of hydrolytic attack of this molecule, since either a hydronium ion or a hydrated cation will be the vehicle of attack. ... 

Long-chain alkali metal polyphosphates seldom, if ever, crystallize when salted out of aqueous solutions. Knotting and coiling is probably a factor in this behavior. The anions are too irregular to fit into a crystal lattice and POP linkages are not being broken and reformed as they are in a melt. As noted earlier, all polyphosphates we tested could be crystallized from aqueous solution as the acridinium salts. Here stearic hindrance, caused by the very large flat cations. 

Donescu, D., lanchis, R., Petcu, C., Purcar, V., Nistor, C.L., Radovici, C., Somoghi, R., Pop, S.F., Perichaud, A., 2013. Study of the solvents influence on the layered silicates-cation polymer hybrids properties. Digest Journal of Nanomaterials and Biostructures 8, 1751-1759. 

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