Catalysts, mixed oxides, permanganate

Oxygen is used with catalysts such as copper oxide, mixed oxides of cobalt and silver permanganate. Different techniques are used to separate water from carbon dioxide. 

Oxidants commonly used include ozone, permanganate, chlorine, chlorine dioxide, and ferrate, often in combination with catalysts. Standard-type mixed reactors are used with contact times of several minutes to an hour. Special reactors for use with ultraviolet light have been developed. 

Benzene forms explosive mixtures with air the LEL and UEL values are 1.3% and 7.1% by volume, respectively. Benzene reacts violently with halogens. The reaction is explosive with fluorine, as well as with chlorine in the presence of light and to a lesser degree with bromine in the presence of a catalyst. It may react violently with other oxidizing substances, such as perchlorates, ozone, permanganate-sulfuric acid, fluorides of chlorine and bromine, and chromic anhydride. Explosions could result from inadvertent mixing. One of the reaction products with ozone is ozobenzene, a white gelatinous shock-sensitive compound which may explode (Mellor 1946). Benzene is flammable with potassium and sodium peroxides. Benzene vapor forms flammable mixtures with nitrous oxide (Jacobs 1989). 

Oxygen Nucleophiles. A reagent such as permanganate oxidizes toluene to benzoic acid, whereas benzylic oxidation by palladium acetate results in benzyl alcohol derivatives. The oxidation is favored by electron-releasing substituents in the phenyl ring. Catalytic amounts of palladium acetate and tin diacetate, in combination with air, effects an efficient palladium-catalyzed benzylic oxidation of toluene and xylenes. For the latter substrates, the Q, Q -diacetate is the main product.A mixed palladium diacetate-copper diacetate catalyst has also been found to selectively catalyze the benzylic acyloxylation of toluene (eq 64). ... 

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