Catalysts for hydrocracking

McDaniel and Maher (159-161) were the first to report that upon thermal treatment of NH4-Y, under a particular set of conditions, thermal stability of the zeolite is considerably increased. The product retains crystallinity at temperatures in excess of 1000°C, while the decomposition of the sodium form of the zeolite takes place at ca. 800°C. This process is known as ultrastabilization. Ultrastable zeolite Y is very well suited as a catalyst for hydrocracking reactions—much more so than the as-prepared zeolite, which is too acidic and has insufficient thermal stability. 

Zeolite catalysts find major technical application in refining and petrochemistry [2 - 13]. FCC catalysts based upon Y-zeolites are the most important, followed by the bifunctional Y-zeolite catalysts for hydrocracking [13]. 

The synthetic zeolites used in catalysts for hydrocracking include X, Y, mordenite and ZSM-5. The latter is made by including a soluble organic... 

Major work on zinc chloride catalysts for hydrogenation and hydrocracking of coal has been carried out by Zielke, Gorin, Struck and coworers at Consolidation Coal (now Conoco Coal Development Co.) (1). The emphasis there has been on a full boiling-point range of liquid product, from treatment at temperatures between 385 and 425°C and hydrogen pressures of 140 to 200 bars. 

Pore size optimization is one area where developmental efforts have been focused. Unimodal pore (NiMo) catalysts were found highly active for asphaltene conversion from resids but a large formation of coke-like sediments. Meanwhile, a macroporous catalyst showed lower activity but almost no sediments. The decrease of pore size increases the molecular weight of the asphaltenes in the hydrocracked product. An effective catalyst for VR is that for which average pores size and pore size distribution, and active phase distribution have been optimized. Therefore, the pore size distribution must be wide and contain predominantly meso-pores, but along with some micro- and macro-pores. However, the asphaltene conversion phase has to be localized in the larger pores to avoid sediment formation [134],... 

Products Company and Davison (W.R. Grace) Catalysts) and Hydrocarbon Technologies, Inc. ART provides non-zeolitic catalysts for ebullating residue hydrocracking and fixed bed pretreating HDT [140], A nanoscale iron based, slurry catalyst is recommended for coal liquefaction, while a molecule-sized and chemically in situ generated catalyst is employed for the high conversion of asphaltenic fractions or heavy oils [141],... 

Fukuyama, H., Development of Carbon Catalyst for Heavy Oil Hydrocracking in NPRA Annual Meeting, 2002. 02-14. San Antonio, TX, Mar. 17-19. AM-, 10pp. 

Hydrocracking catalyst a catalyst used for hydrocracking which typically contains separate hydrogenation and cracking functions. 

The distillation fractions were also analysed for their caibon and hydrogen contents using a Leco CHN Determinator which was also used for similar analysis of die used catalysts. The hydrocracked liquid and the used catalysts were analysed for their sulphur contents using a Leco Suli iur Determinator. Some specific surface area analysis by nitrogen adsorption was carried out on the used catalysts using a Micromeritics instrument... 

Antimony trichloride is used as a catalyst for polymerization, hydrocracking and chlorination reactions as a mordant and in the production of other antimony salts. Its solution is used as an analytical reagent for chloral, aromatics and vitamin A. 

Trickle-bed reactors usually consist of a fixed bed of catalyst particles, contacted by a gas liquid two-phase flow, with co-current downflow as the most common mode of operation. Such reactors are particularly important in the petroleum industry, where they are used primarily for hydrocracking, hydrodesulfurization, and hydrodenitrogenation other commercial applications are found in the petrochemical industry, involving mainly hydrogenation and oxidation of organic compounds. Two important quantities used to characterize a trickle-bed reactor are... 

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