Cascading ecological effects

K words Biospheric life support system Cascading ecological effects ... 

Lavrentyev, P. J., Gardner, W. S., and Johnson, J. R. (1997). Cascading trophic effects on aquatic nitrification experimental evidence and potential implications. Aquatic Microbial Ecology 13, 161-175. 

Like a human health risk assessment, an ecological risk assessment turns on analyses of exposure and effect. Exposure analyses are based on measures of exposure, and effects analyses are based on measures of effect both types of measures are tentatively identified in the problem-formulation phase. There can be substantial interaction between exposure and effects analyses in natural systems, because a stressor may trigger a cascade of effects, some of which result in additional stressors and effects. For example, the effect of a logging road as a primary stressor is to create secondary stressors such as increased siltation of streams, and the primary effect of... 

Scheffer, M., Carpenter, S., de Young, B., 2005. Cascading effects of overfishing marine systems. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 20, 579-581. 

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