Carrageenans Cellulose

Hyaluronic acid Heparin Pectins Carrageenan Cellulose, starch... 

Controlled degradation of chitosan, alginates and carrageenans — Upgrading and utilization of carbohydrates such as chitosan, sodium aiginate, carrageenan, cellulose,... 

Alginate Carrageenan Cellulose fibers Gelatins Xanthan gum Locust bean gum Gellan gum... 

Alginate Carrageenan Cellulose Chitosan Marine Hydrocolloids... 

Keywords Agar, alginates, carrageenan, cellulose, chitin, chitosan, excipients, hemicelluloses, natural, pharmaceutical, polysaccharides, tragacanth... 

The lambda type is nongelling, and functions as a thickner. Iota-carrageenan has been recommended (45) for use in formulating low fat ground beef due to its abihty to retain moisture, especially through a freeze—thaw cycle which is typical for ground beef patties. Oat bran and oat fiber can also be used to improve moisture retention and mouth feel. Modified starches can be used as binders to maintain juiciness and tenderness in low fat meat products. Maltodextrins (dextrose equivalent less than 20) may be used as binders up to 3.5% in finished meat products. Other carbohydrates such as konjac flour, alginate, microcrystalline cellulose, methylceUulose, and carboxymethylceUulose have also been used in low fat meat products (see CELLULOSE ETHERs). 

Etherification. Carbohydrates are involved in ether formation, both intramoleculady and intermoleculady (1,13). The cycHc ether, 1,4-sorbitan, an 1,4-anhydroalditol, has already been mentioned. 3,6-Anhydro-a-D-galactopyranosyl units are principal monomer units of the carrageenans. Methyl, ethyl, carboxymethyl, hydroxyethyl, and hydroxypropyl ethers of cellulose (qv) are all commercial materials. The principal starch ethers are the hydroxyethyl and hydroxypropylethers (see Cellulose ethers Starch). 

The GBR resin works well for nonionic and certain ionic polymers such as various native and derivatized starches, including sodium carboxymethylcel-lulose, methylcellulose, dextrans, carrageenans, hydroxypropyl methylcellu-lose, cellulose sulfate, and pullulans. GBR columns can be used in virtually any solvent or mixture of solvents from hexane to 1 M NaOH as long as they are miscible. Using sulfonated PDVB gels, mixtures of methanol and 0.1 M Na acetate will run many polar ionic-type polymers such as poly-2-acrylamido-2-methyl-l-propanesulfonic acid, polystyrene sulfonic acids, and poly aniline/ polystyrene sulfonic acid. Sulfonated columns can also be used with water glacial acetic acid mixtures, typically 90/10 (v/v). Polyacrylic acids run well on sulfonated gels in 0.2 M NaAc, pH 7.75. 

Well established names such as cellulose, starch, inulin, chitin, amylose and amylopectin are retained. Carrageenan and laminaran are now often used rather than the older names ending in -in . 

Carbon, ring oxygen replacement by, 141-143 2-Carboxy-5-(2-hydroxymethyl)-4-methylthiazole, synthesis and transformations, 284-286 Carrageenans, 366-368,418-419 Cellotetraose hemihydrate, 331 Cellulose, 326, 329-332 alternate unit cells, 329-330 derivatives, 332... 

Synthetic products, e.g., polyethylene oxides(104), polyacrylates, polyacrylamides, and polyetherglycols were in competition with natural polymers like starch, guar, cellulose derivatives, alignates, carrageenan, and locust bean gum. The basic physical and structural properties of the various polysaccharide thickeners have been compiled and reviewed by numerous authors and editors(105-109). 

Carboxymethyl Amylose Carboxymethyl Cellulose Carboxymethyl Dextran Carrageenan (A)... 

Polymer Media Alginate (Sodium) Cellulose Sulfate Carboxy- methyl Cellulose Xanthan Carrageenan (A) Gellan Gum Poly Glutamic Acid... 

Chitosan/ Pentasodiumtripoly-phosphate Hexahydrate/ Carrageenan-A or Cellulose Sulfate NT A/R Chitosan is Cytotoxic... 

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