Carotenoid pigments, isolation from

Carotenoid pigment isolated from Rhodovibrio and Thioceptis bacteria Karrer, Solmssen, Helv. Chim, Acta 18, 1306 (1935). Identity with spirilloxanthin Zechmeister et al, Arch. Biochim. 5, 243 (1944). Structure Karrer, Koenig. ffeiv. Chim. Acta 23, 460 (]940) Barber ei a(., Proc. Chem. Soc. 1959, 96. Synthesis Surmatis, Ofner, J. Org. Chem. 28, 2735 (1963) Surmatis, U.S. pat. 3,168,658 (1964 to Hoffman-La Roche). 

Carotenoids are natural pigments characterized by a tail to tail linkage between two C20 units and an extended conjugated system of double bonds They are the most widely dis tributed of the substances that give color to our world and occur m flowers fruits plants insects and animals It has been estimated that biosynthesis from acetate produces approximately a hundred million tons of carotenoids per year The most familiar carotenoids are lycopene and (3 carotene pigments found m numerous plants and easily isolable from npe tomatoes and carrots respectively... 

This in vitro approach thus has a great potential for studying the intestinal absorption processes of carotenoids and other pigments. It is important to note the existence of several clones isolated from the parent Caco-2 cell line that can be used for studying... 

Figure F4.3.2 Absorption spectra of the major carotenoids of the photosynthetic biomembranes of green leaves of higher plants in diethyl ether (pure solvent). The carotenoids were freshly isolated from a pigment extract by TLC following Lichtenthaler and Pfister (1978) and Lichtenthaler (1987). P-C, p-carotene Lut, lutein Neo, neoxanthin Viola, violaxanthin.

Among carotenoids, fat-soluble plant pigments, generally classified as tetraterpenes as well as among other isoprenoids and polyenes, isolated from plants or animals, many substances are found for the synthesis of which the Wittig reaction is of paramount importance. Quite often, these compounds consist of two symmetrically linked molecular halves and it might be sufficient to prepare one molecular half only which can subsequently be dimerized . 

Isolation of Chlorophyll and Carotenoid Pigments from Spinach... 

Compounds other than ionone, and without ionone-like structures, derived from carotenoids are also of commerical importance. Safranal, CioHil(0 is isolated from the styles of the autumn blooming crocus and is accompanied by a C20H2A01) yellow pigment. The fresh saf ranal oil is very unstable, but it has a very strong and pleasant odor. It is used as an additive to violet-like perfumes and the results are very satisfying. Addition of tinctures of safranal to bitter and... 

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