Carotenoids distribution

Carotenoid distribution in fungi, nonphotosynthetic organisms, are apparently capricious, but they usually accumulate carotenes, mono- and bicyclic carotenoids, and lack carotenoids with e rings. Plectaniaxanthin in Ascomycetes and canthaxan-thin in Canthardlus cinnabarinus have been found. ... 

About 70-90% of consumed carotenoids originate from fruits and vegetables. Khachik and others (1991) divided foods of plant origin in three groups based on their carotenoid distribution ... 

Yellow and red fruits and vegetables (plums, carrots, melons, and tomatoes), with a more distinctive carotenoid distribution than the first category (fruits and vegetables belonging to this category contain primarily carotenes)... 

Vegetables are the major sources of provitamin A carotenoids, followed by fruits. Milk products, egg yolk, shellfish, and Crustacea also contain active carotenoids, which are derived from the animal s diet. The carotenoid distribution in green leafy vegetables is generally constant, whereas fruits contain a greater variety of carotenoids in varying concentrations. In ripening fruits, the decrease in chlorophylls is frequently accompanied by an increase in the concentration of carotenoids and an increase in the ratio of carotenes to xanthophylls. 

The methodology depends on the known carotenoid distribution in plant tissues, which can be classified into three main groups (1) those in which the vitamin A value is due almost exclusively to /3-carotene (e.g., green leafy vegetables, peas, broccoli, sweet potatoes, tomatoes, watermelon, mango) (2) those in which primarily a- and /3-carotene account for the vitamin A value (e.g., carrots, some varieties of squash) and (3) those in which /3-cryptoxanthin and /3-carotene are the major contributors (e.g., cashew, apple, peach, persimmon, loquat) (60). 

Elgsaeter, a., j. D. Tauber, and S. Liaaen-Jensen Carotenoid distribution and caro-tenoprotein of Asterias ruhcns. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 530, 402 (1978) 531, 357 (1978). 

From these carotenoid distributions in three adipose tissue sites of the abdominal adipose tissue, buttock adipose tissue and inner thigh adipose tissue, it could suggest that the abdominal adipose tissue could have the highest correlation with a long-term dietary carotenoid intakes and at the same time, serum could be helpful in region of the clinical checkup as an indicator of short-term intake for very popular carotenoids such as a-carotene (1) and P-carotene (2) (Figure 7) [29],... 

The ornamental plant Euonymus fortunei (cv. Canadale Gold) is a chlorophyll mutant showing light green or yellow-colored edges on their leaf blades. In order to determine the carotenoid distribution, Raman maps... 

Introducing a new multivariate method based on targeted orthogonal partial least squares (T-OPLS) analysis, Abbas et al. could display even small changes of carotenoid distribution within algae cells of Dunailella (Chlamydomonadales) andPhaeodactylum (diatoms) [162]. 

J.A. (2011) Carotenoid distribution in living cells of Haematococcus pluvi-alis (Chlorophyceae). PLoS One, 6 (9), e24302. 

TABLE 1 STABILITY OF PIGMENT RATIOS AND % CAROTENOID DISTRIBUTIONS OF FRONDS EXPOSED TO VARIOUS LIGHT REGIMES-... 

Tetraterpenes. Carotenoids make up the most important group of C q terpenes and terpenoids, although not all carotenoids contain 40 carbon atoms. They are widely distributed in plant, marine, and animal life. It has been estimated that nature produces about 100 million t/yr of carotenoids synthetic production amounts to several hundred tons per year (207,208). 

Carotenoids are natural pigments characterized by a tail-to-tail linkage between two C20 units and an extended conjugated system of double bonds. They are the most widely distributed of the substances that give color to our world and occur in flowers, fruits, plants, insects, and animals. It has been estimated that biosynthesis from acetate produces approximately a hundred million tons of carotenoids per year-. The most familiar-carotenoids are lycopene and (3-carotene, pigments found in numerous plants and easily isolable from ripe tomatoes and canots, respectively. 

All the actual or putative functional benefits of carotenoids are dependent on their bioavailability amounts consumed, amounts released from the food structure during digestion and extent of absorption and tissue distribution. The following three sections deal with each of these issues in turn. 

FURR H c and clark r m (1997) Intestinal absorption and tissue distribution of carotenoids. J Nutr Biochem. 8(7) 364-77. 

GOODWIN T w and britton g (1988) Distribution and analysis of carotenoids , in Goodwin T W, Plant Pigments, London, Academic Press, 61-134. 

YOUNG A J (1993) Occurrence and distribution of carotenoids in photo synthetic systems , in Young A J and Britton G, Carotenoids in Photosynthesis, London, Chapman and Hall, 16-71. 

The carotenoids are the most widely distributed group of pigments, occur naturally in large quantities, and are known for their structural diversity and various functions. The carotenoids constitnte a widespread class of natural pigments that occur in all three domains of life in the eubacteria, the archea, and the eucarya. Carotenoids are ubiquitous organic molecules, but they are not produced by the human body. They have been fonnd to be essential to human health based on the nutritional understanding of vitamin A (retinol) and (i-carotene. ... 

Goodwin, T.W. and Britton, G., Distribution and analysis of carotenoids, in Plant Pigments, Goodwin, T.W., Ed., Academic Press, London, 1988, 62. 

Both intact carotenoids and their apolar metabolites (retinyl esters) are secreted into the lymphatic system associated with CMs. In the blood circulation, CM particles undergo lipolysis, catalyzed by a lipoprotein lipase, resulting in the formation of CM remnants that are quickly taken up by the liver. In the liver, the remnant-associated carotenoid can be either (1) metabolized into vitamin A and other metabolites, (2) stored, (3) secreted with the bile, or (4) repackaged and released with VLDL particles. In the bloodstream, VLDLs are transformed to LDLs, and then HDLs by delipidation and the carotenoids associated with the lipoprotein particles are finally distributed to extrahepatic tissues (Figure 3.2.2). Time-course studies focusing on carotenoid appearances in different lipoprotein fractions after ingestion showed that CM carotenoid levels peak early (4 to 8 hr) whereas LDL and HDL carotenoid levels reach peaks later (16 to 24 hr). 

In humans, carotenoids were reported in liver, adrenals, testes, kidneys, lungs, skin, eyes, and adipose tissnes. Adipose tissne seems to be the main storage site, together with the liver acconnting for at least 80% of carotenoid storage. It was suggested that the tissue distribution of carotenoids may correlate with the LDL uptake in tissnes expressing LDL receptors at their surfaces, but this does not explain why some tissues show marked enrichment in specific carotenoids, i.e., the hnman macnla accumulates specifically the two xanthophylls, lutein and zeaxanthin. 

As for anthocyanins, betalains are found in vacuoles and cytosols of plant cells. From the various natural sources of betalains, beetroot (Beta vulgaris) and prickly pear cactus (Opuntia ficus indica) are the only edible sources of these compounds. In the food industry, betalains are less commonly used as natural colorants from plant sources than anthocyanins and carotenoids, probably related to their more restricted distribution in nature. To date, red beetroot is the only betalain source exploited for use as a natural food coloring agent. The major betalain in red beetroot is betanin (or betanidin 5-0-P-glucoside). Prickly pear fruits contain mainly (purple-red) betanin and (yellow-orange) indicaxanthin and the color of these fruits is directly related to the betanin-to-indicaxanthin ratio (99 to 1, 1 to 8, and 2 to 1, respectively in white, yellow, and red fruits)." ... 

Borel, P. et al.. Carotenoids in biological emulsions solubility, surface-to-core distribution, and release from hpid droplets, J. Lipid Res., 37, 250, 1996. 

Tables 4.2.1 and 4.2.2 show, respectively, major sources of P-carotene and other provitamin A carotenoids, especially a-carotene and P-cryptoxanthin. Since cis isomers have different biological and physical-chemical properties than their corresponding dll-trans carotenoids, whenever available, their distribution was included in the tables. The structures of P-carotene cis isomers are shown in Figure 4.2.1, whereas the structures of the other provitamin A carotenoids are presented in Figure...

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