Carotene dietary protein

Deshmukh, D.S. and Ganguly, J. 1964. Effect of dietary protein contents on the intestinal conversion of 3-carotene to vitamin A in rats. Indian J. Biochem. 1 204—207. 

Mammals lack the ability to synthesize astaxanthin or convert dietary astaxanthin into vitamin A. Unlike p-carotene, astaxanthin has no pro-vitamin activity in these animals. Astaxanthin has been shown in both in vitro and in a study with human subjects to be effective for the prevention of the oxidation of low-density protein, suggesting that it can be used to prevent arteriosclerosis, coronary artery disease, and ischemic brain development. A number of astaxanthin health products are under study. 

It is thought that dietary carotene is transferred to the hemolymph lipoprotein, which is called lipophorin (11), at the midgut during digestion of food. It is transported to epidermal cells, where it probably associates with a different protein inside the cells. Unlike the blue component of green coloration, insects appear to be completely dependent upon dietary carotenes for the yellow component ( ). M. sexta larvae, raised on a standard laboratory diet, are distinctly blue in color, rather than green. 

Ci s-retinoic acid is a version of vitamin A that, along with all-trflMS-retinoic add, is used as a hormone. 9-OS KA binds to a protein called RXR, while albfra is-RA binds to RAR. 9-Cfs-RA can be formed by cleavage of dietary 9-cr S p Carotenc, or from the enzymatic isomeristation of all-fr HS-RA, at a singJe double bond, 9-Ci s-P-carotene is typically present in the diet, but since it is not a required nutrient and i.s not a vitamin, it is apparent that isomerization of a /M .s-RA may supply ali the 9-l j b-RA that is needed. 

Nutrient Content high in protein, prebiotic fiber, antioxidant vitamins A and C, B vitamins, dietary minerals Phytochemical Content high in carotenoids (alpha- and beta-carotene, beta-cryptoxanthin, lutein, violaxanthin), polyphenols (quercetin, gallic acid, gallotannins, rhamnetin, cyanidin and xanthone glycosides, including mangiferin, mainly in skin)... 

High Nutrient Content protein, prebiotic fiber, antioxidant A-C-E vitamins (diminished by heating), B vitamins, dietary minerals High Phytochemical Content carotenoids (beta-cryptoxanthin, beta-carotene) polyphenols (anthocyanins, particularly delphinidin and cyanidin glycosides and rutinosides, catechins, proanthocyanidins, chlorogenic acid, quercetin, hydroxycinnamic acid)... 

Fig. 2. Tissue distribution and metabolism of retinoids in fish. Dietary carotenoids (e.g. /3-carotene (/3C)) and retinyl esters (e.g. retinyl palmitate (RP)) are converted into retinol (Rol) in the lumen of the gut. Retinol is then re-esterified and packaged into chylomicrons and transported to the portal circulation. When required elsewhere, stored retinyl esters (e.g. RP) in the liver are hydrolyzed to retinol and transported in the blood bound to the retinol-binding protein (RBP). Retinol is converted in target tissues to RA, RP or retinal (Ral). RA may exert its effects locally, or be returned to the circulation and transported throughout the body bound to albumin. RA can then be sequestered in other tissues.

Vegetables are important sources of vitamin C (ascorbic acid), jS-carotene, certain B vitamins, minerals, dietary fiber and protein, with different vegetable types being particularly rich in particular nutrients. 

Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine (2002) Dietary fats total fat and fatty acids. Dietary reference intakes for energy, carbohydrate, fiber, fat, fatty acids, cholesterol, protein, and amino acids. National Academies Press, Washington DC, pp 422-541 Jalal F, Nesheim MC, Agus Z, Sanjur D, Flabicht JP (1998) Serum retinol concentrations in children are affected by food sources of beta-carotene, fat intake, and anthelmintic drug treatment. Am J Clin Nutr 68 623-629... 

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