Carmichael studies

Cloran, F., Carmichael, I., Serianni, A. S., 1999b, Density Functional Calculations on Disaccharide Mimics Studies of Molecular Geometries and Trans-O-glycosidic 3Jcoch and 3Jcocc Spin Couplings , J. Am. Chem. Soc., 121, 9843. 

Earlier research had already suggested that certain blooms Aph. flos-aquae could produce paralytic shellfish poisons. These studies used water blooms collected from Kezar Lake, New Hampshire (25,30). In 1980 Carmichael isolated a neurotoxic strain of Aph. flos-aquae from a small pond in New Hampshire. These strains have also been shown to produce toxins similar to saxitoxin and neo- axitoxin (23) and are the ones used in the studies presented here. 

Carmichael, A.J., and Seddon, K.R., Polarity study of some l-alkyl-3-methyl-imidazolium ambient-temperature ionic liquids with the solvatochromatic dye, Nile Red, /. Phys. Org. Chem., 13, 591-595,2000. 

Hug GL, Bonifacic M, Asmus K-D, Armstrong DA (2000a) Fast decarboxylation of aliphatic amino adds induced by 4-carboxybenzophenone triplets in aqueous solutions. A nanosecond laser flash photolysis study. J Phys Chem B 104 6674-6682 Hug GL, Carmichael I, Fessenden RW (2000b) Direct EPR observation of the aminomethyl radical during the radiolysis of glycine. J Chem Soc Perkin Trans 2 907-908 Hunter EPL, DesrosiersMF, Simic MG (1989) The effect of oxygen, antioxidants and superoxide radical on tyrosine phenoxyl radical dimerization. Free Rad Biol Med 6 581-585 Ito O (1992) Flash photolysis study for reversible addition reactions of thiyl radicals with olefins and acetylenes. Trends Phys Chem 3 245-266... 

J.S. An and W.W. Carmichael, Use of a colorimetric protein phosphatase inhibition assay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the study of microcystins and nodularins, Toxicon, 32 (1994) 1495-1507. 

Riesz P, Kondo T, Carmichael AJ. Sonochemistry of acetone and acetonitrile in aqueous solutions. A spin-trapping study. Free Rad Res Comm 1993 19 S45-S53. 

The data obtained in these equilibrium studies have been treated quantitatively by Carmichael and Heffel (53) and by Brown and Slusarczuk (33), who evaluated the equilibrium data in terms of cyclization constants. The latter are identical with ring-chain constants of the type of Eq. (29) where the concentrations are expressed in mole fractions of building units. Table XI... 

In the late 1980s, efforts initiated by Fyles in Canada (Carmichael el al., 1989) and by our own group (Nakano et al., 1990) resulted in two different channel models, both of which incorporated crown ethers. Both of these efforts resulted in channels that show significant transport of alkali metal cations through phospholipid bilayers. Both groups (Gokel and Murillo, 1996) have undertaken extensive stmctme-activity studies to characterize their function. 

Lemberger L, Rowe H, Carmichael R, Crabtree R. Clinical studies with drugs affecting biogenic amine mechanisms. Catecholamines Basic clinical frontiers. In Proceedings, 4th International Catecholamine Symposium, 1979, part 2, pp. 1923-1924. 

Recently, Carmichael and co-workers have described the synthesis of 2-(2 -methoxynaphth-l -yl)-3,4-dimethyl-5-phenylphospholyl)-iron(ll) 328 and -ruthenium(ll) 329 complexes (Scheme 108) <2005JCD2173>. Despite crystallographic evidence suggesting that hindered rotation of the naphthyl moiety could give rise to enantioselection, NMR studies have demonstrated that equilibration takes place both for the free phosphametallocenes and for their complexes with PtCl2. 

Cyanobacterial culture studies and reported observations of natnral blooms have shown that differences in cyanobacterial composition and toxicity are dependent on a number of environmental factors including, light, temperature, pH, and nutrients and physical factors such as buoyancy of the algae, prevailing weather conditions, and water currents (Rapala et al. 1993 Gupta et al. 2002). These variables, along with the age of the cells, their tendency to lyse and release toxins, decomposition and detoxification mechanisms (Rapala et al. 1994), help to explain why poisonons cyanobacterial blooms tend to occur in such an erratic and unpredictable fashion (Carmichael and Gorham 1980). 

Carmichael, W.W, Gorham, ER., and Biggs, D.F. 1977. Two laboratory case studies on the oral toxicity to calves of the freshwater cyanocytes (blue green aigaE) Anabaena flos-aquae NRC-44-1. Can VetJ 18, 71-75. 

Murdoch, J. B., J. F. Stebbins, and I. S. E. Carmichael (1985). High-resolution Si NMR study of silicate and aluminosilicate glasses the effect of networkmodifying cations. Amer. Mineral. 70, 332—43. 

Korzeniowska-Sobczuk A, Hug GL, Carmichael I, Bobrowski K. (2002) Spectral, kinetics, and theoretical studies of radical cations derived from thioanisole and its carboxylic derivative./Pfryr Chem A 106 9251-9260. 

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