Carl and Gerty

Known worldwide copper resources are estimated at nearly 2.6 trillion kilograms (5.8 trillion pounds), of which only about 12 percent (300 billion kilograms 804 billion pounds) has been mined throughout history. Nearly all of this mined copper is still in circulation, as copper s recycling rate is higher than that of any other engineering metal. 

As a molten liquid, copper may be poured to form cake or slabs from which plate, sheet, strip, and foil are rolled billet or logs from which tube, rod, bar, and forgings are extruded wire rod from which wire is drawn and ingot or bricks from which copper may be alloyed with other metals or used by foundries for casting. 

There are more than 450 copper alloys, including brasses, bronzes, copper-nickels, nickel-silvers, and other specialty alloys. Copper is naturally a salmon color and may oxidize or patinate to gradually become dark brown or a greenish blue. Its alloys may range from pink to brown to gold to silver in color. 

Copper is used extensively for its high thermal and electrical conductivity and corrosion resistance. In the United States, the most predominant of thousands of copper and copper alloy applications include building construction (largely sheet, tube, building wire, and hardware), 45 percent electrical and electronic products, 26 percent transportation equipment, 9 percent industrial machinery and equipment, 10 percent and consumer products, 10 percent, see also Electrochemistry. 

Copper in Your Home. Available from http //www.copper.org/copperhome/homepage. html . 

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Studies on the breakdown and synthesis of glycogen are particularly associated with the work of Carl and Gerti Cori in the 1930s and 1940s. They emigrated to the U.S. from Vienna in 1922 initially to Buffalo, N. Y. and later moved to Washington University School of Medicine at St. Louis in 1931, when they worked together on carbohydrate metabolism, work for which they received a Nobel prize in 1947. 

Carl and Gerty Cori Pioneers in Glycogen Metabolism and Disease... 

In the late 1930s, Carl and Gerty Cori (Box 15-1) discovered that the glycogen phosphorylase of skeletal muscle exists in two interconvertible forms glycogen phosphorylase a, which is catalytically active, and... 

Cohn, M. Carl and Gerty Cori A Personal Recollection. In Creative Couples in the Sciences. Edited by Pycior, H. M. Slack, N. G. Abir-Am, P. G., Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick, New Jersey, 1996, 72-84. 

Carl and Gerty Cori were a husband-and-wife team who worked closely together on research into carbohydrate metabolism. 

Carl and Gerty were born in Prague, Czechoslovakia, and met as students at the German University of Prague where they both earned medical degrees in 1920. They were married that same year and migrated to the United States in 1923, both joining a research institute in Buffalo, New York. They became naturalized citizens of the United States in 1928. 

Leloir is best remembered for producing Nobel Prize-quahty research under very difficult conditions and for contributing significantly to the development of scientific analysis and discovery in Argentina, see also Carbohydrates CoRi, Carl and Gerty Nucleotide. 

Figure 26.4 GSD III, Cori s disease. This is named after husband and wife, Carl and Gerty Cori (so note the apostrophe if you prefer Coris s disease). GSD III is caused by a deficiency of debranching enzyme so liinit dextrin accumulates, which is an abnormal form of glycogen where the branches are reduced to a-(l —>6) stumps. GSD III presents with hypoglycaemia and hepatomegaly.

The beginning of World War II confronted the Ochoas with a decision similar to the one they had faced in Spain in 1936. The war situation in England made it impossible to pursue purely scientific work. Ochoa therefore decided to accept the invitation from Carl and Gerty Cori to join them at Washington University in St. Louis. 

Some glycogen is manufactured and stored in the muscles. However, glucose derived from this glycogen is available only for use by the muscle and not the general circulation. Lactic acid may leave the muscle and be reconverted to glucose in the liver and released into the blood. This process requires six ATPs for each glucose molecule, and is referred to as the lactic acid cycle or Cori cycle. A husband and wife team, Carl and Gerty Cori, describe it and they were jointly awarded the Nobel Prize in 1947. 

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