CARD method deposition

Texturing. The final step in olefin fiber production is texturing the method depends primarily on the appHcation. For carpet and upholstery, the fiber is usually bulked, a procedure in which fiber is deformed by hot air or steam jet turbulence in a no22le and deposited on a moving screen to cool. The fiber takes on a three-dimensional crimp that aids in developing bulk and coverage in the final fabric. Stuffer box crimping, a process in which heated tow is overfed into a restricted oudet box, imparts a two-dimensional sawtooth crimp commonly found in olefin staple used in carded nonwovens and upholstery yams. 

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Tyramide signal amplification This procedure, designated as a catalyzed reporter deposition (CARD) or tyramide signal amplification (TSA), takes advantage of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) from an HRP-labeled secondary antibody to catalyze in the presence of hydrogen peroxide the oxidation of the phenol moiety of labeled tyramine. On oxidation by HRP, activated tyramine molecules rapidly bind covalently to electron-rich amino acids of proteins immediately surrounding the site of the immunoreaction. This allows an increase in the detection of an antigenic site up to 100-fold compared with the conventional indirect method with no loss in resolution. 

LAPS was introduced by Sato et al. [155]. The detection of heavy metal ions by thin films of chalcogenide-glass membranes using the pulsed laser deposition method (PLD) was reported by Mourzina et al. [156]. The PLD technique was also introduced to evaporate A1203 as a pH-sensitive material for LAPS devices [157]. The first practical application of the above-described LAPS card was demonstrated by Kloock et al. for a comparative study of Cd-sensitive chalcogenide glasses for ISFETs, LAPS and pISEs (ion-selective electrodes) [158]. 

Recently, a series of modifications have been introduced to the in situ hybridization technique. This includes the development of a new in situ hybridization technique based on horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-labeled probes for the identification of individual cells of cyanobacteria, which could not be detected due to the strong autofluorescence of their cells [115]. This technique (known as CARD-FISH, Catalyzed reporter deposition-fluorescence in situ hybridization) has been further optimized for the detection of other groups of bacteria [116] (Fig. 10). The introduction of this method has led to increased detection of hybridized cells, brighter hybridization signal and higher sensitivity. An automated system for the quantification of hybridized cells in suspensions has recently been developed [117]. hi situ hybridization on rRNA has been successfully combined with in situ hybridization on mRNA for the detection of environmental bacteria [118]. 

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