Carcinogen, definition

Benigni, R., The first US National Toxicology Program exercise on the prediction of rodent carcinogenicity definitive results, Mutation Res., 387, 35 -5, 1997. 

Benigni R, Zito R. The second National Toxicology Program comparative exercise on the prediction of rodent carcinogenicity Definitive results. Mutat Res 2004 566 49-63. 

Table 5.15 Substances and processes to which the definition of carcinogen relates...

Chemical categories are subject to the 1 percent de minimis concentration unless the substance involved meets the definition of an OSHA carcinogen. 

By a strict definition, these electrical and electronic wastes are hazardous. Fluorescent lamps contain mercury, and almost all fluorescents fail the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) toxicity test for hazardous wastes. Fluorescent lamp ballasts manufactured in the mid-1980s contain polychorinated biphenyls (PCBs), a carcinogen most of these ballasts are still in service. Batteries can contain any of a number of hazardous materials, including cadmium (nickel-cadmium... 

According to the definition provided by Pitot [33], carcinogen is an agent whose administration to previously untreated animals leads to a statistically... 

Angstrom units, definition, 128 Anthracene, carcinogenic activity, 45 Anthracenedihydrodiols, synthesis, 45 Arylnitrones, reaction mechanism, 363f... 

Laboratory studies with mice and rats have conclusively demonstrated that the injection of cadmium metal or salts causes malignancies (sarcoma) at the site of injection and testicular tumors. However, the simultaneous administration of zinc is protective against sarcoma and interstitial cell tumor development (USEPA 1980). In rats, no dose-related increases in tumors were found at maximum oral daily doses of 4.4 mg Cd/kg BW (USPHS 1993). Among humans, the available epidemiological evidence is not sufficient to conclude that cadmium is definitely implicated as a carcinogen (USEPA 1980 Nomiyama 1982), although cadmium exposure is associated with lung cancer in humans (Shimada et al. 1998). 

Ashby J, Tennant RW. 1990. Definitive relationships among chemical structure, carcinogenicity and mutagenicity for 301 chemicals tested by the U.S. NTP. Mutat Res 257 229-306. 

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