Carbonylation mechanism with

The following mechanism of the reaction has been suggested it includes the coordination of the carbonyl compound with the aluminium atom in aluminium sopropoxide and the transfer of a hydride Ion ... 

The Basic Mechanisms of Cycloaddition Reactions of Carbonyl Compounds with Conjugated Dienes... 

Chiral salen chromium and cobalt complexes have been shown by Jacobsen et al. to catalyze an enantioselective cycloaddition reaction of carbonyl compounds with dienes [22]. The cycloaddition reaction of different aldehydes 1 containing aromatic, aliphatic, and conjugated substituents with Danishefsky s diene 2a catalyzed by the chiral salen-chromium(III) complexes 14a,b proceeds in up to 98% yield and with moderate to high ee (Scheme 4.14). It was found that the presence of oven-dried powdered 4 A molecular sieves led to increased yield and enantioselectivity. The lowest ee (62% ee, catalyst 14b) was obtained for hexanal and the highest (93% ee, catalyst 14a) was obtained for cyclohexyl aldehyde. The mechanism of the cycloaddition reaction was investigated in terms of a traditional cycloaddition, or formation of the cycloaddition product via a Mukaiyama aldol-reaction path. In the presence of the chiral salen-chromium(III) catalyst system NMR spectroscopy of the crude reaction mixture of the reaction of benzaldehyde with Danishefsky s diene revealed the exclusive presence of the cycloaddition-pathway product. The Mukaiyama aldol condensation product was prepared independently and subjected to the conditions of the chiral salen-chromium(III)-catalyzed reactions. No detectable cycloaddition product could be observed. These results point towards a [2-i-4]-cydoaddition mechanism. 

The major developments of catalytic enantioselective cycloaddition reactions of carbonyl compounds with conjugated dienes have been presented. A variety of chiral catalysts is available for the different types of carbonyl compound. For unactivated aldehydes chiral catalysts such as BINOL-aluminum(III), BINOL-tita-nium(IV), acyloxylborane(III), and tridentate Schiff base chromium(III) complexes can catalyze highly diastereo- and enantioselective cycloaddition reactions. The mechanism of these reactions can be a stepwise pathway via a Mukaiyama aldol intermediate or a concerted mechanism. For a-dicarbonyl compounds, which can coordinate to the chiral catalyst in a bidentate fashion, the chiral BOX-copper(II)... 

The Co2(CO)g/pyridine system can catalyze carbomethoxylation of butadiene to methyl 3-pentenoate (Eq. 6.44) [80]. The reaction mechanism of the cobalt-catalyzed carbalkoxylation of olefins was investigated and the formation of a methoxycar-bonylcobalt species, MeOC(0)Co from a cobalt carbonyl complex with methanol as an intermediate is claimed [81, 82]. 

This chapter will deal mainly with tetrahedral intermediates from carbonyl derivatives, with some discussion on the much less-studied analogs for phosphorus and sulfur. It will also address the issue of concerted mechanisms which can sometimes bypass these intermediates. 

Although the reaction of ketones and other carbonyl compounds with electrophiles such as bromine leads to substitution rather than addition, the mechanism of the reaction is closely related to electrophilic additions to alkenes. An enol, enolate, or enolate equivalent derived from the carbonyl compound is the nucleophile, and the electrophilic attack by the halogen is analogous to that on alkenes. The reaction is completed by restoration of the carbonyl bond, rather than by addition of a nucleophile. The acid- and base-catalyzed halogenation of ketones, which is discussed briefly in Section 6.4 of Part A, provide the most-studied examples of the reaction from a mechanistic perspective. 

It has been suggested that a similar mechanism operates under some conditions in which the reductant is generated in situ by a Zn-Cu couple.255 The key intermediate in this mechanism is a complex of the carbonyl compound with TiCl2. The formation... 

A typical example of this is the dicobalt octacarbonyl catalyzed hydroformylation of olefins to yield aldehydes. According to the classical mechanism proposed by Heck and Breslow /29/ (Equations 28-31), the cobalt carbonyl reacts with hydrogen to form hydrido cobalt tetracarbonyl, which is in equilibrium with the coordinatively unsaturated HCo(C0)2. The tricarbonyl coordinates the olefin, and rearranges to form the alkyl cobalt carbonyl. 

At lower acidities the iV-nitrobenzamides and /V-methyl-.V-nitrobenzamides have a hydrolysis mechanism that is not acid-catalyzed for these cases plots of log kv - log h2o are linear, as for the acyhmidazoles discussed above. N-Nitroacetamide also hydrolyzes in this way.291 The proposed mechanism is given in Scheme 17, written for TV-nitroacetamide if the hydration shown is a pre-equilibrium (this is a carbonyl compound with a strong electron-withdrawing group attached, so this is likely), only one water molecule will appear in the rate expression (the difference between 3 and 2), as observed.287 Some evidence for hydroxide-catalyzed processes at the very lowest acidities was also found for some of these compounds.287... 

In the reactions of aliphatic carbonyl compounds with conjugated olefins a very clear distinction of mechanism is possible after comparing calculations with experimental results. Examples are shown in Eqs. 45 112,113) and 46. 114> After n-n excitation of the aldehyde the domi-... 

The photoreductions of a number of carbonyl compounds with either lowest mr or jiji triplet states in the presence of tributyltinhydride are reported24. The carbonyl compounds include cyclohexanone and acetone which possess nrr lowest-energy triplets, and 2-acetonaphthone, 1-naphthaldehyde and 2-naphthaldehyde which possess lowest-energy mr triplets. In the case of the two njr triplets, a simple mechanism is proposed which involves the abstraction of a hydrogen atom from the tributyltinhydride by the triplet state... 

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