Carbonyl compounds INDEX

The entries in Tables XIV-XXII have been arranged in order of formula, first the carbonyl compound then the olefin, as they would be found in Chemical Abstracts Formula Index. 

Table V is also an index to Table I it classifies the compounds according to the functional groups they contain. One frequently wants to examine data on carbonyl compounds, on unsaturated or halogenated ketones, or another more or less specific class of substances, and the purpose of Table V is to simplify searches of this sort. Pyruvic acid appears in Table V both among the ketones and among the carboxylic acids, and Inspection of either group would quickly reveal any closely related compound that appears in this volume.

The distillate may contain volatile neutral compounds as well as volatile acids and phenols. Add a slight excess of 10-20 per cent sodium hydroxide solution to this distillate and distil until it is judged that all volatile organic compounds have passed over into the distillate. If necessary, the determination of the refractive index of the distillate or the application of specific chemical tests (e.g. for carbonyl compounds use the 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine reagent) should be used to confirm completion of distillation. Keep this distillate (S,) for Step 4. 

The electrophilicity index has also been used to address fundamental aspects on the chemistry of carbonyl compounds. The electrophilicity of the carbonyl carbon is one... 

Once the oil is obtained, it must be dried with anhidrous Na2 SO4, then filtered and stored for its ulterior study or separation of the components (inert atmosphere and pa-otected by light). The oil analysis entails the determination of its physical properties (refractive index, density, and optical rotation) and chemical properties (acid index, esters, carbonyl compounds, fenols, primary and tertiary alcohols), as well as the separation and identification of its major components. 

From these data it is easy to conclude that Rls of both aldehydes and ketones exceed these parameters for n-alkanes with the same number of carbon atoms only at 176 5 retention index units (i.u.) on standard non-polar phases. This small ARI value indicates that these compounds belong to the group of only slightly polar chemicals. At the same time, the average difference of Rls of carbonyl compounds on standard polar polyethylene glycols and non-polar polydimethyl siloxanes is 293 15 (aldehydes) and 282 39 (ketones), which is only slightly more than, for example, the corresponding ARI value for alkyl-substituted arenes (246 30) (they are not classified as polar compounds). 

Traditionally certain numeric experimental data are required in publications of results, to permit validation by subsequent workers or for qualitative analysis purposes. Apart from elemental analysis, these include notably the melting point for solids, the boiling point and refractive index for liquids, and optical rotation data for optically active materials. Also, the same sort of data on certain derivatives of substances are used for the same purpose (e.g., the melting points of 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazones, carbazides, etc., for carbonyl compounds). The largest single repository of such data is the Beilstein file, described in detail in Section 6. 

In this group of readily oxidised materials, individually indexed compounds are Arsenic trisulfide, 0108 Bis(2,4-dinitrophenyl) disulfide, 3449 Bis(2-nitrophenyl) disulfide, 3465 Boron trisulfide, 0172 f Carbon disulfide, 0560 Carbon sulfide, 0559 f Carbonyl sulfide, 0556... 

The generally acidic materials in this group may function as oxidants, some rather powerful, under appropriate conditions. Individually indexed compounds are Arsenic pentaoxide, 0106 Arsenic trioxide, 0105 Boron trioxide, 0170 Carbon dioxide, 0554 f Carbon monoxide, 0552 f Carbonyl sulfide, 0553 Deuterium oxide, 4285 Diboron oxide, 0169 Dinitrogen oxide, 4739 Dinitrogen pentaoxide, 4743 Dinitrogen tetraoxide, 4720 Dinitrogen trioxide, 4741... 

The molecular formula of compounds A and B (C6H10O2) indicates an index of hydrogen deficiency of 2. Because we are told the compounds are diketones, the two carbonyl groups account for all the unsaturations. 

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