Carbonic acid structural formula

Why is potassium aluminium sulphate not soluble in benzene A compound M has the composition C = 50.0% H=12.5%o A1 = 37.5%. 0.360 g of M reacts with an excess of water to evolve 0.336 1 of gas N and leave a white gelatinous precipitate R. R dissolves in aqueous sodium hydroxide and in hydrochloric acid. 20 cm of N require 40 cm of oxygen for complete combustion, carbon dioxide and water being the only products. Identify compounds N and R, suggest a structural formula for M, and write an equation for the reaction of M with water. (All gas volumes were measured at s.t.p.)... 

The solubility behavior of salts of carboxylic acids having 12—18 carbons is unusual and can be illustrated by considering sodium stearate (sodium octadecanoate) As seen by the structural formula of its sodium salt... 

Strategy To work (a) and (b), start by drawing the parent carbon chain. Put the functional group in the specified position fill out the structural formula with hydrogen atoms. In (c), notice that an —OH group comes from the acid, an H atom from the alcohol. 

Convince yourself of this fact by writing an equation using the structural formulas 1 and 3. In contrast, bromoethane can be obtained from structure 2 only through a complicated rearrangement. Two carbon-oxygen and one carbon-hydrogen bond would have to be broken. Experience shows that such complicated reshufflings of atoms rarely occur. Therefore, the reaction between ethanol and hydrobromic acid, HBr, to form bromoethane provides more evidence that ethanol has structure 1. 

Draw a structural formula for the fructose molecule (remember that fructose is an isomer of glucose). Explain why fructose cannot be oxidized to a six-carbon acid. 

In this question consider organic molecule with no rings or carbon-to-carbon double or triple bonds, (a) Show that ethers can be isomers of alcohols but not of aldehydes, (ft) Show that aldehydes and ketones can be isomers of each other, but not of acids or alcohols, (c) Write the structural formula for an alcohol isomeric with diethyl ether. 

Carbonate also forms a mononuclear complex (132). Using an (ionic strength and temperature adjusted) value of log /32 for the formation of carbonic acid, CO + 2H+ C02(aq) + H20, of 15.92 (11), log K for the equilibrium Be2+ + C03 BeC03(aq) was derived as 5.4. The other carbonato species formed were assigned the formulas Be3(0H)2(HC03)3+ and Be5(0H)4(C03)4+, since the Raman spectra of the coordinated carbonate appeared to be different in the two complexes, but the structures proposed for these species are not imme-... 

In many of its reactions hydrocyanic acid behaves as the nitrile of formic add H.CN. Many facts, in particular its great chemical and pharmacological similarity to the isonitriles >C = NR suggest another constitution, namely, that of carbimide >C =NH with bivalent carbon. The addition reactions of the nitriles (see above), which reactions are also characteristic of hydrocyanic acid, can equally well be explained on the basis of this second structural formula. In the nitrile form it is at the triple bond between carbon and nitrogen that addition takes place. In the methylene form this occurs at the two free valencies of the bivalent carbon atom, e.g. ... 

Relationship between Energy Release and the Oxidation State of Carbon A eukaryotic cell can use glucose (C6Hi206) and hexanoic acid (C6H1402) as fuels for cellular respiration. On the basis of their structural formulas, which substance releases more energy per gram on complete combustion to C02 and H20 ... 

It is called an a-amino acid because the amino group is attached to the a (or number 2) carbon atom. To indicate its three-dimensional structure on a flat piece of paper, the bonds that project out of the plane of the paper and up toward the reader are often drawn as elongated triangles, while bonds that lie behind the plane of the paper are shown as dashed lines. The isomer of alanine having the configuration about the a-carbon atom shown in the following structural formulas is called S-alanine or L-alanine. The isomer which is a mirror image of S-alanine is R-alanine or D-alanine. Pairs of R and S compounds (see Section B for definitions) are known as enantiomorphic forms or enantiomers. 

Order the following substances from the least to most oxidized carbon Formaldehyde, carbon dioxide, methane, formic acid, methanol. Use the open-chain form of glucose and the structural formula for decanoic acid and this scheme to determine the aver-... 

Use of unmodified starches in combination with mild acids and carbonates has been claimed.214 Starch moisture content should be no greater than 25%. Acids such as tartaric, citric or malic acids are added at levels between 0.2% and 7%, while the carbonate level is 0.1% to 2%, both based on total starch composition. The acid is stated to serve a two-fold function it depolymerizes the starch during extrusion via hydrolysis, improving expansion at the same time, it liberates carbon dioxide, which acts as a blowing agent, from the carbonate. A typical formula extruded in a twin-screw extruder at 170-195°C yielded a product with a density of approximately 1 lb/ft3 (16kg/m3) and resilience of 60-85%. The foam had a continuous skin with a closed cell structure. 

The general formula for a carboxylic acid is RCOOH, where R represents an alkyl group. For example, ethanoic acid has two carbon atoms (eth-), and so its structural formula is... 

The symbol for the carbon atom occurs twice in all three simplifed structural formulae above, a fact that indicates differences in the structural positions of these carbon atoms. The same applies to the oxygen atoms. On the other hand, three hydrogens are equivalent in both methyl formate and acetic acid, with the fourth being different in the two molecules. There are three different types of hydrogen positions in glycol aldehyde. 

Carbon suboxide (C302),50 an evil-smelling gas, is formed by dehydrating mal-onic acid with P2Os in vacuum at 140 to 150°C, or better, by thermolysis of diacetyltar-taric anhydride. The molecule is linear and can be represented by the structural formula 0=C=C=C=0. It is stable at -78°C, but at 25°C it polymerizes, forming yellow to violet products. Photolysis of Q02 gives QO, which will react with olefins ... 

Among the reactions of acrolein which are important in determining its structural formula are those in which it is reduced to allyl alcohol and to propionaldehyde or oxidised to acrylic acid. Reduction is most conveniently carried out by means of aluminium amalgam, while atmospheric oxygen is sufficient to oxidise it. More powerful oxidants cause profound breakdown of the molecule thus nitric acid forms oxalic and glycollic acids and chromic acid mixture formic acid and carbon dioxide. 

Question 7 Even though the hydrogen molecules are shown on the same side of the carboxylic acid molecules, the structural formula places one hydrogen on either side of the carbon. 

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