Carbonic acid anhydrides diols

If A is an oxygen atom, polyepoxides are obtained if the ring reacts with another bifunctional group like diols, diamines or carbonic acid anhydrides, epoxy resins are formed. 

Anhydrides and cyclic carbonates. Symmetrical anhydrides are formed when acids are treated with (Cl jCOlaCO and Et3N. The transformation of the terminal glycol unit of a 1,2,3-triol to the cyclic carbonate can be accomplished with triphosgene and pyridine on the other hand, the internal diol system is protected using NaH and (MeO)2CO. 

In 1970, it was disclosed that it is possible to achieve the conversion of dimethylformamide cyclic acetals, prepared in one step from vicinal diols, into alkenes through thermolysis in the presence of acetic anhydride." In the context of 31, this two-step process performs admirably and furnishes the desired trans alkene 33 in an overall yield of 40 % from 29. In the event, when diol 31 is heated in the presence of V, V-dimethylforrnamide dimethyl acetal, cyclic dimethylformamide acetal 32 forms. When this substance is heated further in the presence of acetic anhydride, an elimination reaction takes place to give trans olefin 33. Although the mechanism for the elimination step was not established, it was demonstrated in the original report that acetic acid, yV, V-dimethylacetamide, and carbon dioxide are produced in addition to the alkene product."... 

The addition of Grignard reagents to aldehydes, ketones, and esters is the basis for the synthesis of a wide variety of alcohols, and several examples are given in Scheme 7.3. Primary alcohols can be made from formaldehyde (Entry 1) or, with addition of two carbons, from ethylene oxide (Entry 2). Secondary alcohols are obtained from aldehydes (Entries 3 to 6) or formate esters (Entry 7). Tertiary alcohols can be made from esters (Entries 8 and 9) or ketones (Entry 10). Lactones give diols (Entry 11). Aldehydes can be prepared from trialkyl orthoformate esters (Entries 12 and 13). Ketones can be made from nitriles (Entries 14 and 15), pyridine-2-thiol esters (Entry 16), N-methoxy-A-methyl carboxamides (Entries 17 and 18), or anhydrides (Entry 19). Carboxylic acids are available by reaction with C02 (Entries 20 to 22). Amines can be prepared from imines (Entry 23). Two-step procedures that involve formation and dehydration of alcohols provide routes to certain alkenes (Entries 24 and 25). 

Fumaric and itaconic acids are also used as the diacid component. Most reaction formulations involve a mixture of a saturated diacid (iso- and terephthalic, adipic) with the unsaturated diacid or anhydride in appropriate proportions to control the density of crosslinking (which depends on the carbon-carbon double-bond content of the prepolymer) for specific applications [Parker and Peffer, 1977 Selley, 1988], Propylene glycol, 1,4-butanediol, neopentyl glycol, diethylene glycol, and bisphenol A are also used in place of ethylene glycol as the diol component. Aromatic reactants are used in the formulation to improve the hardness, rigidity, and heat resistance of the crosslinked product. Halogenated reactants are used to impart flame resistance. 

The known adduct (385) of furan and vinylene carbonate, previously used for the synthesis of some cyclitols,256,257 has been transformed into DL-ribose derivatives. After hydroxylation of 385 and subsequent formation of the isopropylidene derivative, the carbonate group was removed by treatment with barium hydroxide, and the resulting diol was cleaved by oxidation with permanganate. Dicarboxyl-ic acid 386 gave, upon treatment with acetic anhydride, cyclic anhydride 387. The reaction of 387 with azidotrimethylsilane produced... 

The peracid is prepared in 65-75 % yield by the reaction between o-sulfobenzoic anhydride and 30% hydrogen peroxide in acetone solution at —4 to 0°C. The solution is used directly for epoxidation of olefins. Since the reagent contains a strongly acidic group, the initially formed epoxide undergoes acid cleavage to a truns-diol unless a solid buffer such as sodium carbonate is present. The peracid can also be used for Baeyer-Villigcr oxidation and for oxidation of heterocyclic t-amines to N-oxides. ... 

Furan adds to vinylene carbonate to produce an exolendo mixture of Diels-Alder adducts [165]. Double hydroxylation of the 7-oxanorbornene double bond is highly exo face selective (Scheme 13.88). The diol thus obtained is protected as an acetonide. Saponification of the carbonate liberates a mixture of diols that is oxidized into m 5 6>-l,5-anhydroallaric acid derivative 316. Treatment of 316 with AC2O generates the anhydride 317. Subsequent reaction of 317 with methanol gives racemic 318 that can be resolved by fractional crystallization with brucine or by chromatographic separation of the (7 )-l-((3-naphthyl)ethylamides. The individual isomers of 318 each react with ClCOOEt and Me3SiN3 in situ to provide enantiomerically pure d- and L-riboside derivatives [166]. 

The polyester polyols are obtained by the polycondensation reactions between dicarboxylic acids (or derivatives such as esters or anhydrides) and diols (or polyols), or by the ring opening polymerisation of cyclic esters (lactones, cyclic carbonates). 

Methylnaphthalene is commonly used as a feedstock in the production of vitamia K3 (menadione). Methylnaphthalene is oxidized to menadione with chromic or nitric acid, in a similar method to anthracene oxidation. Menadione is used as an intermediate in the production of vitamin Ki.To produce vitamin Ki, menadione is reduced with hydrogen on Pd/activated-carbon catalysts to mena-diol. Esterification of the two hydroxyl groups with acetic anhydride yields mena-diol diacetate, which is converted into the 1-monoacetate with ammonia. Vitamin Ki (phytomenadione) is produced by the reaction of 1-menadiol monoacetate with phytol, using a BF3/ether complex as catalyst, followed by hydrolysis and dehydrogenation. 

Graft copolymers between unsatnrated acids, especially acrylic acid and maleic anhydride (MA), and polyolefins (PE and PP) are widely used as surface modifiers and compatibilisers, sometimes in combination with bi-functional coupling agents [46], for talc, calcium carbonate and calcined clays. Such polymer coatings include polypropylene-maleic anhydride [47], polypropylene c/s-4-cyclohexene-l,2 dicarboxylic acid [48], polystearyl or polylauryl acrylate [49], polypropylene-acrylic acid, partially oxidised poly(butane diol) [50] and ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers [51]. Acid-containing products can react with basic fillers. With most other types, they will simply adsorb on to the mineral surface, but they can form esters with some non-basic metal hydroxyls, notably silanols. 

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