Carbon saturation

Oxidation of 10-undecynoic acid to sebacic acid. Dissolve 2 00 g. of the acid, m.p. 41-42°, in 50 ml. of water containing 0 -585 g. of pure anhydrous sodium carbonate. Saturate the solution with carbon dioxide and add O IN potassium permanganate solution (about 1500 ml.) slowly and with constant stirring until the pink colour remains for half an hour the addition occupies about 3 hours. Decolourise the solution with a httle sulphur dioxide and filter off the precipitated acid through a... 

Refined Ferromanganese. Refined ferromanganese refers to alloys that are not carbon saturated and range from less than 0.10 to 1.50% maximum carbon. Medium carbon grades are used in special grades of steels where in final additions carbon control is important. The low carbon grades are used mainly in the production of certain grades of stainless steels. 

Sa.tura.tion Index. Materials of constmction used in pools are subject to the corrosive effects of water, eg, iron and copper equipment can corrode whereas concrete and plaster can undergo dissolution, ie, etching. The corrosion rate of metallic surfaces has been shown to be a function of the concentrations of Cl ,, dissolved O2, alkalinity, and Ca hardness as well as buffer intensity, time, and the calcium carbonate saturation index (35). 

The evolution of gases, such as in dre example given above of dre formation of CO(g) in dre U airsfer of sulphur between carbon-saturated iron and a silicate slag, requires dre nucleation of bubbles before dre gas can be eliminated from the melt. The possibility of homogeneous nucleation seems unlikely, and the more probable source of gas bubbles would either be at the container ceramic walls, or on detached solid particles of the containing material which are... 

Fig. 18-11. Structural formulas for some five-carbon saturated hydrocarbons.

The solubility of calcite and aragonite increases with increasing pressure and decreasing temperature in such a way that deep waters are undersaturated with respect to calcium carbonate, while surface waters are supersaturated. The level at which the effects of dissolution are first seen on carbonate shells in the sediments is termed the lysocline and coincides fairly well with the depth of the carbonate saturation horizon. The lysocline commonly lies between 3 and 4 km depth in today s oceans. Below the lysocline is the level where no carbonate remains in the sediment this level is termed the carbonate compensation depth. 

Larson, T.E. and Buswell, A.M., Calcium carbonation saturation index and alkalinity interpretations, J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 34, 1667-1684, 1942. 

Figure 3.45 (a) Spectral dependence of the optical response on pulsing a lead cathode in 0.4 M tetramethylammonium perchlorate in propylene carbonate saturated with C02 from + I.0V to +0.2 V at 30 Hz. The reference electrode was Li/0.5M Li +. (b) As in (a) except solvent changed to acetonitrile. From Aylmer-Kelly et at. (1973). 

Langdon, C., Takahashi, T., Sweeney, C., Chipman, D., Goddard, J., Marubini, F., Aceves, H., Barnett, H., and Atkinson, M.J., Effect of calcium carbonate saturation state on the calcification rate of an experimental coral reef, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 14, 639-654,2000. 

Besides piperidine alkaloids, a total of 19 pyrrolidines have been found in the secretions of thief ants and fire ants of the genera Solenopsis and Monomorium. Among these, compounds 80-84 are simple pyrrolidines with two saturated linear all-carbon side chains only in Solenopsis latinode is there a secondary amine (82) and its methylated analog (85). One or two terminal unsaturations are present in compounds 86-91, which all possess a (hex-l-en)-6-yl chain and a 5-, 7-, or 9-carbon saturated chain. Compounds 93, 94, 96, 97, and 98 are the A-l-pyrrolines corresponding to pyrrolidines 80, 82, 90 (93 and 96 corresponding to 80, 94 to 82, and 97 and 98 to 90). 

This is no real surprise since the first four equations were assumed to be obeyed. Only the last condition of calcium carbonate saturation is grossly violated. The first increment is obtained in the usual way as —D lf and gives... 

The last term in Eq. (8.3) is only important close to the carbonate saturation equilib-... 

Ledeburite The two-phase eutectic mixture of carbon saturated, austenite and cementite having the overall composition of 4.3 mass % C (17.3 at.%). 

Barium carbonate Saturated s Chromic acid Unknown 1... 

Ammonium acetate Saturated s Barium carbonate Saturated s... 

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