Carbon dioxide saturation

The carbon dioxide emission at OZ R.H. after exposure of the paint film in a lOOZ gaseous carbon dioxide atmosphere (carbon dioxide-saturated paint film) has been determined after various curing times (Figure 7). 

Tissue culture, more frequently used as cell culture, enables animal and plant cells to be cultured in large numbers by techniques comparable to those used in microbiology but, because of the fragile nature of the cells, does require special cultural conditions. The culture media used must supply all the essential factors for growth, such as a wide range of amino acids, nucleotides, enzyme co-factors as well as indeterminate factors that can only be supplied in special products, e.g. foetal bovine serum. The environmental conditions must be carefully controlled, particularly pH, and this is frequently maintained by culturing in a bicarbonate buffer system and a carbon dioxide saturated atmosphere. 

To the solution in the main mixing tank add, while mixing and bubbling C02 gas, the solution from step above. Rinse the container with two lots of 5 mL carbon dioxide-saturated water and add the rinsings to the batch while mixing. 

Add C02-saturated water from step above and mix while cooling the batch to 30°C. Dissolve the dyes in 10 mL carbon dioxide-saturated water then add to the batch with mixing. 

Add the flavors, complete the batch to 1 L with carbon dioxide-saturated water and mix well for 1 hour. 

Upon heating anhydrous ferric chloride in a slow current of carbon dioxide saturated with water vapour, the oxychloride FeCl3.Fe203 is produced at 275° to 300° C. in the form of reddish brown needles, whilst larger and darker needle-shaped crystals of 2FeCl3.3Fe203 result if the temperature is raised to between 350° and 400° C. 

Wagenknecht [17] found that the reduction of 1-bromobutane at graphite in carbon dioxide-saturated DMF containing TEABr is a two-electron process, and that the generated butyl carbanions lead to the formation of butane, 1-butene, octane, butyl valerate, butyl-A,A-dimethyloxamate, and dibutyl-2-methylmalonate. Earlier work by Kaabak and CO workers [26], dealing with the reduction of iodoethane and 1-bromobutane at graphite in DMF, revealed that alkanes, olefins, dimers, and solvent-derived species are produced. 

Some examples of electrosyntheses based on the reduction of monohalobenzenes are now cited. Reduction of iodobenzene and bromobenzene at mercury in carbon dioxide-saturated DMF containing TEAP affords benzoic acid in up to 40% yield [178]. Bromobenzene, 3-methoxybromobenzene, 4-bromofluorobenzene, 4-(trifluoromethyl)-chlorobenzene, and 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene can be converted into aldehydes at a cadmium-coated stainless-steel cathode in DMF containing TBABr [179]. In the presence of trimethylchlorosilane, silylation products arise from the reduction of various aryl halides at platinum in DMF containing TEAOTs [100]. Reduction of p-iodoanisole at... 

Following demineralization, the three two-kllogram samples were blended thoroughly, and washed four additional times with carbon dioxide-saturated distilled water. The bulk of the water was removed by filtration and the treated pulp was placed In a covered glass jar and stored at -18°C until used. 

Figure 7.3. Separation of organotin compounds on a 10 cm x 1 mm I.D. column packed with Deltabond Methyl with supercritical fluid carbon dioxide saturated with formic acid as mobile phase. The separation was obtained at 60°C using pressure programming 0.5 min hold at 90 atm. Then programmed at 4 atm / min to 150 atm where the program rate was increased to 10 atm / min to 300 atm. Peak identification 1 = dibutyltin dichloride 2 = tributyltin chloride 3 = tetrabutyltin 4 = diphenyltin dichloride 5 = dicyclohexyltin dichloride 6 = bis(tributyltin) oxide 7 = triphenyltin chloride 8 = tricyclohexyltin chloride 9 = tetraphenyltin 10 = tetracyclohexyltin 11 = bis(triphenyltin) oxide and 12 = hexakis(2-methyl-2-phenylpropyl) distannoxane. (From ref. [42] Springer-Verlag)...

Table 1. Net oxygen flux at carbon dioxide saturation and shoot dry...

In this case rain water is used, or distilled water or deionized water which is almost saturated with carbon dioxide. Saturate with carbonic acid by passing CO2 through water at about 4 C in a plastic cask. Once the saturation process has begun, heat slowly overnight to 20 C and then determine the content of free, dissolved carbon dioxide according to the procedure described in this collection of methods. Carbon dioxide concentrations in the region of about 1500 to 2000 mg/1 of water are obtained if these test conditions are followed. 

Over the same time period, another group of users of essential oils entered the markets, hi 1790, the term soda water for carbon dioxide saturated water as a new drink appeared for the first time in the United States and in 1810, the first U.S. patent was issued for the manufacture of imitations of natural gaseous mineral waters. Only 9 years later the soda fountain was patented by Samuel Fahnestock. In 1833, carbonated lemonade flavored with lemon juice and citric acid was on sale in England. In 1835, the first bottled soda water appeared in the United States. It is, however, interesting that the first flavored sparkling drink—Ginger Ale—was created in heland in 1851. The milestones in flavored soft drinks... 

Dialkyl carbonates can be prepared from alcohols and TPP/DEAD in the presence of gaseous carbon dioxide.A carbon dioxide saturated solution of the alcohol is treated with TIP and DEAD before another equivalent of the same or another alcohol is added. The method is useful for the preparation of symmetric and unsymmetrical carbonates in 75-95% yield. The procedure works for the preparation of dithiocarbamates as well if an amine is initially reacted with carbon disulfide instead. ... 

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