Carbon nanotubes, fibers, graphite

Name(s) caibon fiber, graphite, graphite fiber, carbon nanotube CAS 7440-44-0 (carbon fiber), 7782-425 (graphite) 

Chemical composilion 80-99.9 (graphite) 84.3-95.7 (carbon fiber), 97-99.9% (nanotube)  

Decomposition temp., C 900 Loss on i ition, % 85-100 Surface tension, mJ/m 27.8-31.5 

Chemical resistance good chemical resistance to corrosive environments  

Moisture ccmten % 0.1-0.5 Water solubility, % traces pH of water suspension 7 

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The direct linking of carbon nanotubes to graphite and the continuity in synthesis, structure and properties between carbon nanotubes and vapor grown carbon fibers is reviewed by the present leaders of this area, Professor M. Endo, H. Kroto, and co-workers. Further insight into the growth mechanism is presented in the article by Colbert and Smalley. New synthesis methods leading to enhanced production... 

Various forms of carbon material such as graphite, diamond, carbon nanotubes (fibers), and amorphous carbon-containing, diamond-like carbon have been compared and analyzed for their potential application in the fields of flat panel displays and lighting elements.48... 

Polymer composites with carbon compounds as fillers such as carbon black (CB), carbon fibers, carbon nanotubes, or graphite were highly conductive materials. The carbon compounds significantly reduced the electric resistance and resulted in conductive SMPC, which could be triggered by means of Joule heat as an indirect actuation method. The just mentioned carbon compounds could conduct electricity in the plane of each covalently bonded sheet due to the delocalization of outer... 

The past two decades have shown an explosion in the development of new nanoporous materials mesoporous molecular sieves, zeolites, pillared clays, sol-gel-derived metal oxides, and new carbon materials (carbon molecular sieves, super-activated carbon, activated carbon fibers, carbon nanotubes, and graphite nanofibers). The adsorption properties for most of these new materials remain largely unexplored. 

Key Words—Carbon nanotubes, vapor-grown carbon fibers, high-resolution transmission electron microscope, graphite structure, nanotube growth mechanism, toroidal network. 

Because direct calculation of thermal conductivity is difficulty 1], experimental measurements on composites with nanotubes aligned in the matrix could be a first step for addressing the thermal conductivity of carbon nanotubes. High on-axis thermal conductivities for CCVD high-temperature treated carbon fibers have been obtained, but have not reached the in-plane thermal conductivity of graphite (ref. [3], Fig. 5.11, p. 115). We expect that the radial thermal conductivity in MWNTs will be very low, perhaps even lower than the c-axis thermal conductivity of graphite. 

The future remains bright for the use of carbon materials in batteries. In the past several years, several new carbon materials have appeared mesophase pitch fibers, expanded graphite and carbon nanotubes. New electrolyte additives for Li-Ion permit the use of low cost PC based electrolytes with natural graphite anodes. Carbon nanotubes are attractive new materials and it appears that they will be available in quantity in the near future. They have a high ratio of the base plane to edge plain found in HOPG. The ultracapacitor application to deposit an electronically conductive polymer on the surface of a carbon nanotube may be the wave of the future. 

About 98% of the fibers employed in composites are glass (Sections 12.5 and 12.6), carbon (graphite, carbon fibers, etc. Section 12.16), and aromatic nylons (often referred to as aramids Section 4.8). New composites are emerging that employ carbon nanotubes and the fibers (Section 12.17). Asbestos (Section 12.13), a major fiber choice years ago, holds less than l%i of the market today because of medical concerns linked to it. 

Fullerene, black and shiny like graphite, is the subject of active current research because of its interesting electronic properties. When allowed to react with rubidium metal, a superconducting material called rubidium fulleride, Rb3C6o, is formed. (We ll discuss superconductors in more detail in Section 21.6.) Carbon nanotubes are being studied for use as fibers in the structural composites used to make golf clubs, bicycle frames, boats, and airplanes. On a mass basis, nanotubes are up to ten times as strong as steel. 

Carbon is the most versatile element in the periodic table. Due to various bond structures such as sp3, sp2, sp hybrids, and multiple pK-pK bonds, it can form one-, two-, and three-dimensionally bond-structured substances and provide a wide range of applications.1 Carbon materials such as graphite, diamond, activated carbons, carbon fibers, and C-C composites have been extensively investigated and used for many years. Since the discovery of carbon nanotubes in 1997, carbon materials have been newly focused as frontier materials in various fields.2-15... 

This chapter describes the preparation and examination of ceramic matrix composites realized by the addition of different carbon polymorphs (carbon black nanograins, graphite micrograins, carbon fibers and carbon nanotubes) to silicon nitride matrices. In the following sections, structural, morphological and mechanical characteristics of carbon-containing silicon nitride ceramics are presented. 

Carbon nanotube-ceramic composites (684) showing 37% increase in bending strength compared with other carbon-filled samples (629 carbon fiber, 644 carbon black, 645 graphite), from Ref. 19. 

Amorphous carbon is a general term that covers non-crystalline forms of carbon such as coal, coke, charcoal, carbon black (soot), activated carbon, vitreous carbon, glassy carbon, carbon fiber, carbon nanotubes, and carbon onions, which are important materials and widely used in industry. The arrangements of the carbon atoms in amorphous carbon are different from those in diamond, graphite, and fullerenes, but the bond types of carbon atoms are the same as in these three crystalline allotropes. Most forms of amorphous carbon consist of graphite scraps in irregularly packing. 

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