Photosynthesis carbon metabolism

M. Gibbs and E. Lat2ko, eds.. Photosynthesis 11 Photosynthetic Carbon Metabolism and Kelated Processes, Tnyclopedia of Plant Physiology, N.S., Springer-Vedag, Berlin, 1979. 

Very readable, well-illustrated, intermediate-level treatment of all aspects of photosynthesis, including the carbon metabolism... 

Ethanoic acid is activated for biosynthesis by combination with the thiol, coenzyme A (CoASH, Figure 18-7) to give the thioester, ethanoyl (acetyl) coenzyme A (CH3COSC0A). You may recall that the metabolic degradation of fats also involves this coenzyme (Section 18-8F) and it is tempting to assume that fatty acid biosynthesis is simply the reverse of fatty acid metabolism to CH3COSCoA. However, this is not quite the case. In fact, it is a general observation in biochemistry that primary metabolites are synthesized by different routes from those by which they are metabolized (for example, compare the pathways of carbon in photosynthesis and metabolism of carbohydrates, Sections 20-9,10). 

J. Preiss, C. Levi, in Photosynthesis II, Photosynthetic Carbon Metabolism and Related Processes (M. Gibbs, E. Latzko, Eds.) p. 282, Springer-Verlag, Berlin (1979). 

He suggests that the relative activities of the carboxylase and oxygenase activities of rubisco actually have set, and now maintain, the ratio of C02 to 02 in the earth s atmosphere. Discuss the pros and cons of this hypothesis, in molecular terms and in global terms. How does the existence of C4 organisms bear on the hypothesis [Tolbert, N.E. (1994) The role of photosynthesis and photorespiration in regulating atmospheric C02 and 02. In Regulation of Atmospheric C02 and 02 by Photosynthetic Carbon Metabolism (Tolbert, N.E. Preiss, J., eds), pp. 8-33, Oxford University Press, New York.]... 

Blackwell Science, Malden, MA Fernandez E, Serret P, Demadariaga I, Harbour DS, Davies AG (1992) Photosynthetic carbon metabolism and biochemical composition of spring phytoplankton assemblages enclosed in microcosms the diatom Phaeocystis sp. succession. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 90 89-102 Fogg GE (1983) The ecological significance of extracellular products of phytoplankton photosynthesis. Bot Mar 26 3-14... 

Hatch, M.D. (1981) in Photosynthesis, Vol. IV, Regulation of Carbon Metabolism (Akoyunoglou, G., ed.) pp. 227-236, Balaban International Science Services, Philadelphia, PA. 

Are they involved in carbon metabolism There are many candidates in the carbon metabolism of Prochloron that could be converted to the C3Hs03 moiety of the 2Cu patellamide C complex. Studies have shown that L. patella actively removes glycolate to encourage photosynthesis by prochloron Are the copper complexes of these cyclic peptides involved as enzymic cofactors in this process ... 

Sikes C. S. and Fabry V. J. (1994) Photosynthesis, CaC03 deposition, coccolithophorids and the global carbon cycle. In Regulation of Atmospheric CO2 and O2 by Photosynthetic Carbon Metabolism (eds. N. E. Tolbert and J. Preiss). Oxford University Press, New York, pp. 217-233. 

The contribution of the various anaerobic metabohc pathways to carbon metabolism varies temporally and spatially due to changes in the abundance of electron donors and acceptors (Figure 1). Organic carbon is most abundant at the surface of soils and sediments where detritus is deposited, most of which is derived from aerobic photosynthesis. The aerobic zone is also the source of most terminal electron acceptors, some of which diffuse into the anaerobic zone from the... 

In the past ten years a large number of novel iron-sulphur proteins have been discovered, largely as a result of ESR measurements. Indeed ESR is the technique of choice for their identification and has made important contributions to knowledge of their structure and function. These proteins are now known to occur widely in animals, plants and bacteria and play important roles in respiration, photosynthesis, nitrogen fixation, hormone synthesis and sulphur and carbon metabolism. They function as electron carriers and most, though not all, have negative mid-point redox potentials at pH 7. 

D.H. Turpin (1991). Effect of inorganic N availability on algal photosynthesis and carbon metabolism. J. Phycoi, 27,14-20. 

What solution would you use in a chemical scrubber to remove carbon dioxide Photosynthesis converts carbon dioxide and water to carbohydrates and oxygen gas, while metabolism is the process by which carbohydrates react with oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water. Using glucose (C6H12O6) to represent carbohydrates, write equations for these two processes. 

Among the carbon reservoirs of the biosphere, a large proportion is stored in soil organic matter and marine sediments (Bolin, 1977). The accumulation of carbon in soils and sediments is a function of the organic carbon balance between net primary production (carbon fixation) and heterotro-phic metabolism (decomposition). The fixation of atmospheric carbon through photosynthesis is the major sonrce of carbon to terrestrial, wetland, and aquatic ecosystem. 

Most of the inorganic sulfate assimilated and reduced by plants appears ultimately in cysteine and methionine. These amino acids contain about 90% of the total sulfur in most plants (Allaway and Thompson, 1966). Nearly all of the cysteine and methionine is in protein. The typical dominance of protein cysteine and protein methionine in the total organic sulfur is illustrated in Table I by analyses of the sulfur components of a lower plant (Chlorella) and a higher plant (Lemna). Thede novo synthesis of cysteine and methionine is one of the key reactions in biology, comparable in importance to the reduction of carbon in photosynthesis (Allaway, 1970). This is so because all nonruminant animals studied require a dietary source of methionine or its precursor, homocysteine. Animals metabolize methionine via cysteine to inorganic sulfate. Plants complete the cycle of sulfur by reduction of inorganic sulfate back to cysteine and methionine, and are thus the ultimate source of the methionine in most animal diets (Siegel, 1975). 

Stitt M Limitation of photosynthesis by carbon metabolism I. Evidence for excess electron transport capacity in leaves carrying out photosynthesis in saturating light and CO2, Plant Pkysiol 81 (4) 1115-1122, 1986. 

Schurmann, P. (1981) In Photosynthesis IV. Regulation of carbon metabolism (G.Akoyunoglou Ed.) Balaban Intern. Sci. Services Philadelphia. Pa., 273-280... 

Cellular photosynthesis molecular manipulations of carbon metabolism... 

Table 1. Selected genetic modifications at various sites in primary carbon metabolism that have yielded increased maximum photosynthesis.

Since its demonstration in photosynthetic organisms, the carboxylation enzyme has been demonstrated in E, coli and Thiobacillus. The physiological significance of this enzyme in nonphotosynthetic organisms is not clear, but its occurrence emphasizes that the carbon metabolism of photosynthesis is an enzymatic process distinct from the photochemical reaction. 

As discussed earlier in detail (Chap.4.3.4.2), there is now much information available confirming that in certain plant species water stress will cause a shift from non-CAM (i.e., C3-like) carbon metabolism to CAM. On the other hand, there is no doubt that the majority of CAM plant species feature continually the CAM type of photosynthesis. 

Glycolic acid is a substrate of photorespiration, which mainly occurs in C3 plants. This light-enhanced respiration is recognized as a wasteful process in preventing plants from attaining maximum yield in photosynthesis. A variety of mechanisms have been presented for the formation of glycolic acid from intermediates of photosynthetic carbon metabolism. The most important pathway for the... 

D.C. Shejiiard R.G.S. Bidwell, 1973 Photosynthesis and Carbon Metabolism in a Chloroplast Preparation from Acetabularia. Protoplasma 76, 289-307. F.D. Moore D.C. Shephard, 1977 Biosynthesis in Isolated Acetabularia Chloroplasts. II. Plastid Pigments. Protoplasma 92, 167-175. 

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