Carbon general discussion

Research on plasma-deposited a-C(N) H films has been frequently included in the general discussion of carbon nitride solids [2, 3]. However, the presence of hydrogen in its composition, and the complexity of the deposition process, which introduces the nitrogen species in the already intricate hydrocarbon plasma-deposition mechanism, make a-C(N) H films deserve special consideration. This is the aim of the present work to review and to discuss the main results on the growth, structure, and properties of plasma-deposited a-C(N) H films. As this subject is closely related to a-C H films, a summary of the main aspects relative to the plasma deposition of a-C H films, their structure, and the relationship between the main process parameters governing film structure and properties is presented... 

We shall first summarize the bonding modes that have been identified for carbon monoxide, hydrogen and hydrocarbon groups—alkene and alkyne—and follow this by a general discussion of the chemistry of the Mm(CO)n clusters with special emphasis on the M3(CO)12 molecules. 

We consider here substituents attached to carbon (see Section 3.2.3.12.1 for a general discussion of substituents attached to nitrogen). 

There are a few examples of additions of carbon electrophiles to metal complexes of allyl5 and dienyl6 moieties and arenes7 which suggest many possible future extensions. However, the vast majority of systems examined involve additions of carbon electrophiles to electron-rich metal-diene complexes. TTiis chapter will present a general discussion and several examples of such additions. Section 3.5.2 will examine simple -q4 diene cortiplexes, while Section 3.5.3 will treat polyalkene complexes containing an V-diene unit and one or more uncomplexed double bonds. 

It must be emphasised that the particular region (that of the member containing four carbon atoms) of water solubility for many homologous series is determined by the arbitrary proportions of solute and solvent defined in the previous general discussion. The limit would be elsewhere for a different ratio of solute to solvent. 

It is the aim of this chapter to develop a model for the very broad spectrum of reactivity of fluorine-containing systems towards nucleophiles. Substiment effects of fluorine and fluorocarbon groups on the SnI process were considered earlier, in a more general discussion of carbocations (see Chapter 4, Section VI) effects on the Sn2 process will now be examined. Then the broader principles of displacement of fluorine, as fluoride ion, from carbon in different environments will be discussed to emphasise why, for example, nucleophilic displacement of fluoride ion from perfluoroalkenes occurs extremely rapidly while, in contrast, perfluoroalkanes are characterised by extreme inertness. 

As a general introduction, the first chapter deals with homogeneous catalysis of organic reactions, mainly acid—base catalysis, but also with nucleophilic catalysis and catalysis by metal ions. In Chapter 2, proton transfer to and from carbon is discussed and in Chapter 3 proton transfer to and from other atoms, mainly oxygen and nitrogen. 

In this chapter, a selective overview of technological and historical background is followed by a general discussion of the microscopic details of the transport phenomenon and experimental techniques. Key results of earlier studies on carbon-based systems are presented and then compared with corresponding data on poly(methylphenylsilylene) (PMPS), which has been taken as the prototype for studies of transport system in polymers with silicon backbones. Key points are then summarized. Those wishing to omit the extensive background section may proceed directly to the section on electronic transport in polysilylenes (page 492). 

A general discussion has been given of the bond lengths involving six-coordinate carbon in carbaboranes C2B10H12, and their derivatives. ... 

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