Carbon dioxide isotope fractionation

Bottinga, Y. 1969 Calculated fractionation factors for carbon and hydrogen isotope exchange in the system calcite-carbon dioxide-graphite-methane-hydrogen-water vapour. Geochimica et CosmochimicaActa 33 49-64. 

Wong, W.W., Cochran, W.J., Klish, W.J., Smith, E.O.B., Lee, L.S. and Klein, P.D. 1988 In vivo isotope-fractionation factors and the measurement of deuterium- and oxygen-18-dilution spaces from plasma, urine, saliva, respiratory water vapor, and carbon dioxide. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 47 1-6. 

Mook, W.G., Bommerson, J.C. and Staverman, W.H. 1974 Carbon isotope fractionation between dissolved bicarbonate, and gaseous carbon dioxide. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 22 169-176. 

The conclusions of Hurt s study of year-by-year oxygen isotope ratios in 72 years of S. gigantea are thus supportive of the conclusions of the CIAP study [49] that solar variations influence the abundances of many kinds of chemical species in the stratosphere, and therefore influence the.amount of solar energy they absorb and re-radiate to earth, and therefore influence the surface temperature of the earth and especially the surface temperatures of the oceans. It is the surface temperature of the oceans which produces the phenomena we have discussed the isotope ratio variations in rain and hence in tree rings, the isotope ratio variations in the Greenland ice cap, in the organic carbon and uranium concentrations in sea cores, and furthermore variations of the sea surface temperature produces variations in the carbon-14 to carbon-12 ratio fractionation at the sea air interface and hence in the carbon-14 content of atmospheric carbon dioxide and hence in the carbon-14 content of tree rings. 

The values of E(t) so computed are listed in Table 4. The correction for fractionation of carbon dioxide at the sea surface is a serious one. It makes the interpretation of 13C/12C variations in wood difficult and militates against the use of the isotope ratio of carbon as a thermometer. This correction, when applied to variations of carbon-14 in wood, is able to explain the Suess radiocarbon "wiggles" of about 100 years duration each, without the need to invoke changes in the neutron flux from the sun [54]. 

Bottinga Y (1968) Calculations of fractionation factors for carbon and oxygen isotope exchange in the system calcite-carbon dioxide-water. J Phys Chem 72 800-808 Bullen TD, White AF, Childs CW, Vivit DV, Schulz MS (2001) Demonstration of significant abiotic iron isotope fractionation in nature. Geology 29 699-702... 

Bottinga Y. (1969b). Carbon isotope fractionation between graphite, diamond and carbon dioxide. Earth Planet. Sci. Letters, 5 301-307. 

Rosenbaum J. M. (1994). Stable isotope fractionation between carbon dioxide and calcite at 900°C. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 58 3747-3753. 

Shackleton NJ, Hall MA, Line J, Gang S (1983) Carbon isotope data in core V19-30 confirm reduced carbon dioxide concentration in the ice age atmosphere. Nature 306 319-322 Shahar A, Young ED, Manning CE (2008) Equihbrium high-temperature Fe isotope fractionation between fayalite and magnetite an experimental calibration. Earth Planet Sci Lett 268 ... 

Suzuoki T, Epstein S (1976) Hydrogen isotope fractionation between OH-bearing minerals and water. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 40 1229-1240 Swart PK, Bums SJ, Leder 11 (1991) Eractionation of the stable isotopes of oxygen and carbon in carbon dioxide during the reaction of caldte with phosphoric acid as a function of temperature and technique. Chem Geol 86 89-96... 

Thiemens MH, Heidenreich JE (1983) The mass independent fractionation of oxygen - A novel isotope effect and its cosmochemical implications. Science 219 1073-1075 Thiemens MH, Jackson T, Zipf EC, Erdman PW, van Egmond C (1995) Carbon dioxide and oxygen isotope anomalies in the mesophere and stratosphere. Science 270 969-972 Thode HG, Monster J (1964) The sulfur isotope abundances in evaporites and in ancient oceans. In Vinogradov AP (ed) Proc Geochem Conf Commemorating the Centenary of V I Vernadsku s Birth, vol 2, 630 p... 

Vennemann TW, Fricke HC, Blake RE, O Neil JR, Colman A (2002) Oxygen isotope analysis of phosphates a comparison of techniques for analysis of AgsP04. Chem Geol 185 321-336 Vogel JC, Grootes PM, Mook WG (1970) Isotopic fractionation between gaseous and dissolved carbon dioxide. Z Physik 230 225-238... 

Figure 7.10 Neon (solid lines) and argon (dashed) isotopic fractionations produced by diffusion-limited hydrogen escape from representative terrestrial atmospheres, as a function of its lifetime At. Three examples that differ in the amount of C02 present are shown. Each assumes 270 bars of water vapor (i.e., the mass of the present ocean). Carbon dioxide contents are 5, 10, and 20 bars. After Ozima and Zahnle (1993).

O Neil J.R. and Epstein S. (1966) Oxygen isotope fractionation in the system dolomite-calcite-carbon dioxide. Science 152, 198-201. 

Fractionation and Contamination. The ratio 14C/12C in certain materials may be affected by isotopic fractionation. For example, the uptake of carbon dioxide and its incorporation into plant tissue may be accompanied by substantial fractionation that depends on the plant species. With marine organisms, fractionation may also be important, especially when inorganic carbonate and bicarbonate are involved. Corrections for fractionation must be made for precise radiocarbon dating. 

The sample (biological sample or collected fraction) is oxidized to produce carbon dioxide which is then converted to graphite (Getachew et ah, 2006). The sample is then ionized, and ions are accelerated to high levels of energy in the MS. The ratio of the rare isotope to the abundant isotope is determined ( C/ C, for example). Because of the extreme sensitivity of AMS (in the attomole range), only a small amount of radio-labeled carotenoid is necessary to study absorption and metabolism. 

In order to explain the isotopic fractionation of hydrogen and oxygen isotopes between aqueous solution and water vapor or between aqueous solution and carbon dioxide, " the following model is proposed. In the aqueous solutions the presence of two different species of water molecules is assumed one species represents the water molecules coordinated to the solute ions or molecules forming the hydration sphere, and another species represents the free (or... 

O Leary M. H. (1984) Measurement of the isotope fractionation associated with diffusion of carbon-dioxide in aqueous-solution. J. Phys. Chem. 88(4), 823—825. 

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