Carbon content California

The Low Carbon Fuel Standard (LCFS) in California requires fuel providers to ensure that the mix of fuel they sell to the California market meets, on average, a declining standard for GHG emissions measured in C02-equivalent gram per unit of fuel energy sold. By 2020, the LCFS will produce a 10% reduction in the carbon content of all passenger vehicle fuels sold in California. 

Harradine, F., and Jenny, H. (1958). Influence of parent material and climate on texture and nitrogen and carbon contents of virgin California soils I. Texture and nitrogen contents of soils. Soil Sci. 85(5), 235-243. 

Because of the low-sulfur, -nitrogen, and -aromatic content of Fischer-Tropsch fuels, there is renewed interest in these products. In two recent studies, Fischer-Tropsch diesel was evaluated and compared to an ultra-low sulfur California diesel and to a 49 cetane number, low-sulfur diesel. In the two studies, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxide, hydrocarbon, particulate, and carbon dioxide emissions were reduced in vehicles fuels by Fischer-Tropsch diesel. The fuel economy, however, was also reduced. The low aromatic content and high concentration of waxlike hydrocarbons in Fischer-Tropsch diesel can lead to the need for special handling and treatment of the fuel to prevent gelling when used in cold-temperature conditions. 

The East Bay Municipal Utility District, California, obtains water from the Mokelumne River. In January 1968 the total alkalinity of the treated and distributed water was 20 mg/liter as CaCOs, the pH.was 9,65, and the silica content was 8 mg/liter as SiOa. What fraction of the total alkalinity is contributed by the silicate, by the carbonate system, and by the hydroxide Here pKa.s = 9.5. 

AMS measures the ratio of all to total carbon in the sample, which is then compared to the same ratio from an external standard prepared and measured in identical circumstances. The most commonly used external standard is SRM-4990-C, oxalic acid reference standard from the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) at a raw isotope ratio of 1.1361 Modern with a content of 1.106%. Other international standards are available from the International Atomic Energy Agency (Vienna). The Center for AMS at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (Livermore, California) has generated secondary standards of oxalic acid at 12 and 100 Modern. 

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