Carbon/conducting polymer composite

The enhancement of specific capacitance for carbon materials is generally realized by the usage of pseudocapacitance effects, which depend on the surface functionality of carbon and on the presence of electro-active species (termed supercapacitors) [162-164]. Several modifications (i.e., oxidation of carbon for increasing the surface functionality, formation of carbon/conducting polymers composites or insertion of electroactive particles of transition metals) can be carried out to increase the pseudocapacitance that arises fi om faradaic reactions. However, the enhancement of the capacitance connected with faradaic reactions of surface groups often contributes to an increase in the self-discharge of the capacitor due to the instability of the functionalities [165]. 

Natural graphite and synthetic graphite were used as fillers for the manufacture of conducting composite materials by the polymerization filling technique [24, 53-56], The manufacture of conducting polymer composite materials by this technique on the basis of some kinds of carbon black is also known [51, 52],... 

Sichel, E. K. Gittleman, G. I. Sheng, P. in "Carbon-Black-Polymer Composites. The Physics of Electrically Conducting Composites", Sichel, E. K., Ed., Dekker, 1982, p 51-77. 

CNTs can enhance the thermal properties of CNT-polymer nanocomposites. The reinforcing function is closely associated with the amount and alignment of CNTs in the composites. Well-dispersed and long-term stable carbon nanotubes/ polymer composites own higher modulus and better thermal property as well as better electronic conductivity (Valter et al., 2002 Biercuk et al., 2002). Both SWNT and MWNT can improve the thermal stability and thermal conductivity of polymer, the polymer-CNT composites can be used for fabricating resistant-heat materials. 

S. Harrison, AC and DC Percolative conductivity of single wall carbon nanotube polymer composites,/. Potym.Sci. B, vol. 43, pp. 3273-3287, 2005. 

Y. Y. Huang, J. E. Marshall, C. Gonzalez-Lopez, E. M. Terentjev, Variation in carbon nanotube polymer composite conductivity from the effects of processing, Dispersion, Aging and Sample Size, Mater. Express, vol. 1, pp. 315-328, 2011. 

Note 6 Electric conductance of a nonconducting polymer can be achieved by dispersing conducting particles (e.g., metal, carbon black) in the polymer. The resulting materials are referred to as conducting polymer composites or solid polymer-electrolyte composites. 

Carbon Black-Polymer Composites The Physics of Electrically Conducting Composites, edited by Enid Kell Sichel... 

The conductivity of composites depends on frequency, temperature, mechanical deformation and solvent swelling of the polymer matrix. These dependencies have been extensively studied and provide the basis for the commercial utilisation of carbon-black-polymer composites. 

Armand (1994) has briefly summarised the history of polymer electrolytes. A more extensive account can be found in Gray (1991). Wakihara and Yamamoto (1998) describe the development of lithium ion batteries. Sahimi (1994) discusses applications of percolation theory. Early work on conductive composites has been covered by Norman (1970). Subsequent edited volumes by Sichel (1982) and Bhattacharya (1986) deal with carbon- and metal-filled materials respectively. Donnet et al. (1993) cover the science and technology of carbon blacks including their use in composites. GuF (1996) presents a detailed account of conductive polymer composites up to the mid-1990s. Borsenberger and Weiss (1998) discuss semiconductive polymers with non-conjugated backbones in the context of xerography. Bassler (1983) reviews transport in these materials. 

Thermal and thermal storage properties are very important and they determine the limitation of any applications such as molecular electronics, and conducting polymer composites, and so on. The carbon nanotubes have a higher specific heat and a higher thermal conductivity than any other known materials. " " It is known that the heat transport in carbon nanotubes occurs through phonons.The electronic and phonon spectra of carbon nanotubes are quantized owing to their smaller diameter. Low-energy... 

H. Kawamoto, Carbon Black-Polymer Composites, The physics of electrically conducting composites, Dekker, New York, (1982), p.135. 

The conductivity of carbon black/polymer composites is a function of a number of parameters, including ... 

ZRI06] Zribi K., Feller J.F., Elleuch K., et al., Conductive polymer composites obtained from recycled poly(carbonate) and rubber blends for heating and sensing applications , Po/g ie s for Advanced Technologies, vol. 17, pp. 727-731,2006. 

Luo, C, Zuo, X, Wang, L, Wang, E, Song, S, Wang, J, Fan, C, Cao, Y. 2008. Flexible carbon nanotube-polymer composite films with high conductivity and superhydrophobicity made by solution process. Nano Lett 8 4454-4458. 

Electrically conductive polymeric composites find many applications. They are usually obtained by mechanically mixing a polymer with particles of a conductive filler metal or carbon black. In such a case a high amount of filler is needed. Conductive charge transfer conplexes were also used to prepare conductive polymer composites, but in the early experiments also a high CT complex content - sometimes as high as 80% - was necessary to obtain a conductive material. 

Peng, C., Zhang, S., Jewell, D., Chen, G.Z., 2008. Carbon nanotube and conducting polymer composites for supercapacitors. Prog. Nat. Sci. 18, 777-788. 

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