Carbon composite membrane

Yet another unique class of inorganic membrane materials called pillared clay and carbon composite membranes has been studied for gas separation [Zhu et al., 1994]. The permeation rates of benzene, chlorobenzene and 1,3-dichlorobenzene vapors through these membranes can be different by orders of magnitude as indicated earlier. This may open the door for these types of membranes for separating organic mixtures. 

Zhu, H.Y., W.H. Gao and E.F. Vansant 1994, The pillared clay-carbon composite membrane the preparation, vapour permeation and separation of gas mixtures, presented at 3rd Int Conf. Inorg. Membr., Worcester, MA, USA. 

Moncorge and Pascal [61] and Bauer et al. [42] describe the use of the carbon/carbon composite membranes of Le Carbone Lorraine in the filtration of drinking water. With 0.2 pm membranes the fluxes range between 1000 and 2000 1/m h at trans-membrane pressures from 1 to 2 bars. The use of Kerasep membranes [65] (Rhone-Poulenc s alumina/alumina membranes, 0.2 pm pore size) leads to fluxes of 600-12001/m h at 2 bar transmembrane pressure. 

D.A. Ktitskaya, E.F. Abdrashitov, V.C. Bokun, A.N. Ponomarev, A.V. Chernyak, S.G. VasU ev, V.I. Volkov, An NMR study of sorption-diffusion properties of MF-4SK-carbon composite membranes in aqueous methanol solutions. Petrol. Chem. 51 (2011) 644-651. 

Fuertes AB, Nevskaia DM, Centeno TA(1999) Carbon composite membranes from matrimid and kapton polyimide. Microporous Mesoporous Mater 33 (1-3) 115-125... 

Jones CW, Koros WJ (1995) Carbon composite membranes A solution to adverse humidity effects. Ind Eng Chem Res 34 (1) 164-167... 

Alternatively, a method entailing surface coating with an alcohol solution of 60% B rank phenol formaldehyde resin (PFR) and dispersant, followed by recarbonization (700°C, 60 min), was used to prepare carbon-carbon composite membranes with improved separation performance by Liang and co-workers [80], On the carbon-caibon composite membrane coated with PFR alcohol solution and added dispersant, the gas permeation rates decreased by a factor of 10, and the ideal separation factor increased, probably due to the PFR s dispersing effect. 

Suda H, Haraya K (1997) Gas permeation through micropores of carbon molecular sieve membranes derived from kapton polyimide. J Phys Chem B 101 (20) 3988-3994 Fuertes AB, Nevskaia DM, Centeno TA(1999) Carbon composite membranes from matrimid and kapton polyimide. Microporous Mesoporous Mater 33 (1-3) 115-125 David LIB, Ismail AF (2003) Influence of the thermostabilization process and soak time during pyrolysis process on polyacrylonitrile carbon membranes for O /N separation. J Membr Sci 213 (1-3) 285-291... 

Fuertes, A. B., Nevskaia, D. M., and Centeno, T. A. (1999). Carbon composite membranes from Matrimid(r) and Kapton(r) polyimides for gas separation. Microporous Mesoporous Mater. 33, 115-125. 

Young, J.S., C02 Separations using High-Temperature Polymeric-Metallic Composite Membranes, 2nd Annual Conference on Carbon Sequestration, Alexandria, VA, May 2003. 

Perpall, M. W., Smith, D. W., Jr., DesMarteau, D. D. and Greager, S. E. 2006. Alternative trifluorovinyl ether derived fluoropolymer membranes and functionalized carbon composite electrodes for fuel cells. Journal of Macromolecular Science Part C Polymer Reviews 46 297-313. 

Fleming, H. L. 1988. Carbon composites a new family of inorganic membranes. Paper read at 6th Annual Membrane Planning Conference, 1 November 1988, Cambridge. MA. 

The composite membranes containing on a surface a thin carbon film with a metal phase were obtained for the first time by using of the noncoherent IR-radiation. It is shown, that such catalysts demand considerably the smaller maintenance of metal, than the traditional catalysts put on coal, with other things being equal. 

Activated charcoal was originally regarded as a relatively inexpensive adsorbent with an assortment of pores of ill-defined size and shape. However, in recent years considerable progress has been made in the development of tailor-made porous carbons such as molecular sieves, activated carbon fibres and carbon composites (Marsh et al., 1997). Superactive carbons are now made on a commercial scale with BET areas of around 3000 m2g-1. Activated carbons can be manufactured as fine particles or granules or in the form of a cloth, felt or consolidated membrane. The properties of some of these special types of activated carbon are discussed in Chapter 12. 

K. Fujihara, M. Kotak, S. Ramakrishn. 2005. Guided bone regeneration membrane made of polycaprolactone/calcium carbonate composite nano-fibers. Biomaterials, 26. pp.4139-4147. 

Besmann, T.M. et al., Carbon/carbon composite bipolar plate for proton exchange membrane fuel cells, J. Electrochem. Soc., 147, 4083, 2000. 

Wolf, H. and Willert-Porada, M., Electrically conductive LCP-carbon composite with low carbon content for bipolar plate application in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell, J. Power Sources, 153, 41, 2006. 

The main advantages of reactors with composite membrane catalysts arc the higher hydrogen permeability and smaller amount of precious metals in comparison with those presented in Section II. All constructions of the reactors with plane membrane catalyst may be used for composites of thin palladium alloy film and porous metal sheet The design of reactors with composite membranes on polymeric support may be the same as for diffusion apparatus with polymeric membranes (see, for example. Ref. 138). A very promising support for the composite membrane catalysts is hollow carbon fiber [139], once properly thermostable adhesives are found. 

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