Carbohydrates, phosphorus-containing

N. K. Kochetkov, E. E. Nifant ev, and I. P. Gudkova, Reactions of levoglucosan with hypo-phosphoric acid. A new type of phosphorus-containing carbohydrate, Zh. Obsch. Khim., 37 (1967) 277. 

H. Paulsen, W. Bartsch, and J. Thiem, Phosphorus-containing carbohydrates. III. Preparation of sugar phosphonates by Wittig and Horner reaction, Ber., 104 (1971) 2545-2552. 

While the main thrust of this book remains centered on the phosphorus-containing lipids of mammalian cell membrane, it would be remiss on the author s part not to discuss the sphingogiycolipids. These phosphorus-free, sphingosine-containing lipids coexist with the phospholipids in cellular membranes. In place of a phosphocholine moiety (as in sphingomyelin), a carbohydrate is substituted. These complex lipids were found to be present in significant amounts in brain some 60 years ago, and their potential association with... 

In addition to the phosphorus-containing reagents, other reagents, such as the Vilsmeier-Haack reagent [(Me2N =CHX)X ] [3], sulfuryl chloride [4] and diethylaminosulfur trifluoride (DAST) [5] have also been employed for direct replacement of hydroxyl groups in carbohydrates. 

Biological chemistry and its needs increasingly dominate the phosphorus(v) acids area and the majority of novel results relate to compounds derived from phosphonic and phosphinic, rather than phosphoric acids. Numbers of studies of compounds related to inositol and to carbohydrates continue to appear, although few contain truly novel results. Phosphorus-containing analogues of amino acids... 

Paulsen, H., and Bartsch, W., Phosphorus-containing carbohydrates. Part 12. Preparation of olefinic sugar phosphonates and allenic sugar phosphonates, Chem. Ber., 108, 1732, 1975. 

Razumov, A.L, Gurevich, P.A., Baigil dina, S.Y., Zykova, T.V., and Akhmadullina, A.V., 2-Phospho-rylated ethanols, Zh. Obshch. Khim., 44,459,1974 J. Gen. Chem. USSR (Engl. Transl.), 44,439, 1974. Paulsen, H., and Bartsch, W., Phosphorus-containing carbohydrates. Part 10. Reaction of carbonyl sugars with Iithio methanephosphonic esters. Preparation of dimethyl 1-deoxy-D-fructose-l-phosphonate, Chem. Ber., 108, 1229, 1975. 

Taber, W.A. and Wining, L.C. (1963) Physiology of alkaloid production by Claviceps purpurea (FR.) TUL. Correlation with changes in mycelial polyol, carbohydrate, lipid, and phosphorus-containing compounds. Can. J. Microbiol., 9,1-14. 

Phosphorus. Eighty-five percent of the phosphoms, the second most abundant element in the human body, is located in bones and teeth (24,35). Whereas there is constant exchange of calcium and phosphoms between bones and blood, there is very Httle turnover in teeth (25). The Ca P ratio in bones is constant at about 2 1. Every tissue and cell contains phosphoms, generally as a salt or ester of mono-, di-, or tribasic phosphoric acid, as phosphoHpids, or as phosphorylated sugars (24). Phosphoms is involved in a large number and wide variety of metaboHc functions. Examples are carbohydrate metaboHsm (36,37), adenosine triphosphate (ATP) from fatty acid metaboHsm (38), and oxidative phosphorylation (36,39). Common food sources rich in phosphoms are Hsted in Table 5 (see also Phosphorus compounds). 

The spore coats make up a major portion of the spore, consisting mainly of protein with smaller amounts of complex carbohydrates and Bpid and possibly large amounts of phosphorus. The outer spore coat contains the alkali-resistant protein fraction and is associated with the presence of disulphide-rich bonds. The alkali-soluble fraction is... 

This volume of Topics in Current Chemistry aims to highlight major developments in the field and it shows the efforts of chemists from various subdisciplines of chemistry to design new dendritic molecules focusing on novel properties, functions, and potential applications. Hyperbranched/dendritic molecules containing silicon, phosphorus, and other elements are reported apart from hydrocarbon, carbohydrate and nucleic acid cascade molecules. 

Mucolipids (See Section VI).—Compounds which have a fatty residue bound to a carbohydrate residue are known as mucolipids. These substances are sometimes termed lipocarbohydrates, glycolipids, etc., and some may contain amino acid units and phosphorus. 

The phosphoproteins and the nucleoproteins contain also the element phosphorus in the former, probably combined directly with one of the constituents of the protein molecule in the latter, combined with a purine base or a carbohydrate, which substances constitute nucleic acid. 

Biomolecules are molecules found in living things. The major classes of biomolecules are proteins, carbohydrates, fats, and nucleic acids. All biomolecules contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Proteins also contain nitrogen and sometimes sulfur, and nucleic acids contain nitrogen and phosphorus. Other types of atoms may also be found in these compounds. 

Carbohydrates are polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones, or substances that yield such compounds on hydrolysis. Many, but not all, carbohydrates have the empirical formula (C1I20) some also contain nitrogen, phosphorus, or sulfur. 

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