Capsule straight

Figure 1 Anatomy of the nephron. RC, renal corpuscle (includes glomerulus and Bowman s capsule) PCT, proximal convoluted tubule PST, proximal straight tubule DLH, descending limb of the loop of Henie ALH, ascending limb of the loop of Henie TALH, thick ascending limb of the loop of Henie MD, macula densa DCT, distal convoluted tubule CT, connecting tubule CD, collecting duct.

Fig. 1 Examples of bacterial hair styles , a Thick and straight type 1 fimbriated E. coli. Type 1 fimbriae are composite structures with a relatively rigid 8 nm wide rod tipped by a thin (2.5 nm) more flexible tip fibrillum. b Thin and wavy F17 fimbriated E. coli covered with 1-3 pm long, flexible, 2-3 nm wide fimbriae, c Tangled (capsules and sheaths) Y. pest is FI capsular antigen. No individual fibres are visible, but the capsule consists of a tangle of thin ( 2 nm) flexible fibres. AFM amplitude picture (a) kindly provided by Dr R. Willaert, Ultrastructure, VU Brussels TEM picture (b) kindly provided by I. Caplier, Protein Chemistry, VU Brussels and reprinted from [23] with permission from the publisher SEM picture (c) reprinted from [24] with permission from the publisher...

Figure 1.1. (a) Space capsule travels In a straight line at constant speed, (b] Cannon-ball travels in a parabolic orbit and changes speed, (c) Asteroids sticking together in space by gravitational adhesion. 

The ACL is intra-articular and completely surrounded by synovium from the posterior capsule, thus making it extrasynovial. Proximally, it is attached in the shape of a semicircle, with the anterior border straight and the posterior border convex, to the posterior aspect of the medial surface of the lateral femoral condyle. Distally, the ACL is attached to a fossa anterior and... 

Pressure-sensing elements (a) flat diaphragm (b) corrugated diaphragm (c) capsule (d) bellows (e) straight tube (f) Cshaped Bourdon tube (g) twisted Bourdon tube (h) helical Bourdon tube (i) spiral Bourdon tube. (From Norton, H.N., Handbook of Transducers, Englewood Cliffe, NI Prentice-Hall, 1989, 294-330. Reprinted with permission.) Previously published in Chau, K.H.L., Pressure and sound measurement, in The Measurement, Instrumentation, and Sensors Handbook, Webster, I.G., Ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1999, p. 26-3.)... 

The seta of P cygnisetum is straight with a broadly to cygneously curved top. The direction of the curved capsule is horizontal to pendulous hence the state of character 37 is coded as state 3. The operculum is rostrate. Despite a somewhat asymmetrical implantation on the conical base, the rostrum is best described as being straight hence the state of character 52 is coded as state 3. 

Perichaetial leaves in main clade ml are widely reflexed in taxa with curved capsules, non-plicate, without a costa, or rarely, with a costa, but then the costa less developed than in stem leaves. In contrast to this, the majority of species in main clade M2 have perichaetial leaves straight and more or less appressed to the base of the seta in taxa with curved capsules. Perichaetial leaves are also plicate, and often have a very thin but still discernible costa, which is often present even in species with ecostate vegetative leaves. 

Besides frequently having orthotropous capsules, epiphytic pleurocarps possess several other sporophytic character states more often than species of other habitats. These include short setae, ovoid to cylindrical and straight capsules, round stomatal pores, lack of or a poorly developed separating annulus, rostrate lids, papillose lower exostome outer surface, reduced exostome primary... 

An extended investigation was done to determine relationships between two main hydrodynamic characteristics of capsule flow - capsule/liquid velocity ratio, Vc/ v< hydraulic gradient, ic, and parameters of capsule-liquid-pipe system, e.g. pipe diameter, D, capsule/pipe diameter ratio, d/D, capsule length/diameter ratio, l/d, capsule/carrier liquid density ratio. Pc Ipo, capsule shape, B, concentration of solids, Cv, liquid viscosity, po and liquid mean velocity, v<,. However, majority of the research was focussed on straight horizontal pipe. The knowledge about behaviour of capsules in bend or inclined pipe sections has been up to now insufficient. 

The minimum average liquid velocity which causes the motion of capsule under the drag produced by liquid in pipe is defined as threshold velocity, Vm When the drag exceeds friction between pipe and capsule, the capsule will start to move along a pipe bottom. Because the contact friction between pipe and capsule influences a capsule velocity and hydraulic gradient of capsule flow, which can be different from the values determined for a straight pipe, it is necessary to take it into account for design of commercial pipelines to ensure safe and economical operation. 

Complex experimental investigation of single capsules and capsule trains conveyed by water in horizontal bend and straight inclined (including vertical) pipes was carried out in the laboratories of Institute of Hydrodynamics ASCR in Prague (Czech Republic) and Institute of Hydromechanics NAS in Kiev (Ukraine). 

For diameter ratio d/D varied from 0.55 to 0.75, it can be approximated by value a 1.07. Effect of pipe curvature on velocity ratio, Vc /Vo, depends on flow velocity, Vo, and capsule shape, B, see Figs. 2 and 3. For low flow velocity the velocity ratio in bend is slightly higher compare to velocity ratio in the straight pipe section, on the contrary it is lower for flow velocities several times higher than threshold velocity, It could be explained by incomplete contact of capsule and pipe bottom in bend and by additional resistance between pipe side wall and c sule ends for higher flow velocities. This explanation is supported by comparison of behaviour of flat ended and bullet-shaped capsules and very low effect of bend on spherical and wheeled capsules. 

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