Capillary Isotachophoresis CITP

Additionally, schemes employing isotachophoresis as a sample stacking technique at the beginning of the analysis have been reported. These techniques are used to concentrate the sample, and obtain greater sensitivity and resolution [64]. 

Capillary Electrophoresis in Food Analysis (continues over 3 2pages) 

66 Analysis of whey proteins by CE using buffer-containing polymeric additives 

68 Application of CE to the qualitative analysis of sugars in sorghum hydrolysate 

69 Determination of carbohydrates by CZE with amperometric detection at a copper microelectrode 

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Electrodriven Separation Techniques encompass a wide range of analytical procedures based on several distinct physical and chemical principles, usually acting together to perform the requh ed separation. Example of electrophoretic-based techniques includes capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE), capillary isotachophoresis (CITP), and capillary gel electrophoresis (CGE) (45-47). Some other electrodriven separation techniques are based not only on electrophoretic principles but rather on chromatographic principles as well. Examples of the latter are micellar... 

CE was recently used for anthocyanin analysis because of its excellent resolution. This technique has different modes capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE), capillary gel electrophoresis (CGE), micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC), capillary electrochromatography (CEC), capillary isoelectric focusing (CIEE), and capillary isotachophoresis (CITP)."° CZE is the most popular method for anthocyanin... 

Several strategies have been described for the preconcentration of sample components present at low concentrations. These techniques include zone sharpening,28-29 on-line packed columns,30 and transient capillary isotachophoresis (cITP).31-32 Other standard laboratory techniques are often used, including solid-phase extraction, protein precipitation, ultrafiltration, etc. Two important points to keep in mind when selecting a concentration protocol are the sample requirements of the method and the potential selectivity on relative concentrations of sample components. The latter point applies to purity and concentration analysis. 

Capillary Isotachophoresis (cITP) Chargeable water soluble molecules Ion chromatography... 

Capillary isotachophoresis (CITP) is an electromigration technique, which is performed using a discontinnous buffer system, formed by a leading electrolyte (LE) and a terminating electrolyte... 

The second separation mechanism is found in capillary isoelectric focusing (cIEF), where analytes are separated on the basis of isoelectric points. The third mechanism is found in capillary isotachophoresis (cITP), where all of the solutes travel at the same velocity through the capillary but are... 

In the electrolyte system used in capillary isotachophoresis (cITP), the sample zone migrates between a leading electrolyte at the front and a different, trailing electrolyte at the end. The leading electrolyte contains a coion with mobility greater than that of any of the analyte ions. The trailing electrolyte contains a coion with mobility that is lower than that of any of the analyte ions. In isotachophoresis, it is possible to analyze for anions or cations, but not both simultaneously. Analyses are usually performed in the constant-current mode. 

Capillary isotachophoresis (CITP) — An electrophoretic separation technique (-> electrophoresis) in a discontinuous -> buffer system, in which the analytes migrate according to their -> electrophoretic mobilities, forming a chain of adjacent zones moving with equal velocity between two solutions, i.e., leading and terminating electrolyte, which bracket the mobility range of the analytes. Ref [i] Riekkola ML, Jonsson jA, Smith RM (2004) Pure Appl Chem 76 443... 

The comparative use of MEKC, CZE, and capillary isotachophoresis (CITP) for the determination of drugs in body fluids was reported by Caslavska et al. (1993). Salicylate, paracetamol, and antiepilectics in serum and urine were analyzed with the three techniques. In case of high drug concentrations, body fluids could be injected directly, or with simple dilution (for urine) or ultrafiltration (for serum). Extraction and concentration were necessary for... 

The first applications of CDs as chiral selectors in CE were reported in capillary isotachophoresis (CITP) [2] and capillary gel electrophoresis (CGE) [3]. Soon thereafter, Fanali described the application of CDs as chiral selectors in free-solution CE [4] and Terabe used the charged CD derivative for enantioseparations in the capillary electrokinetic chromatography (CEKC) mode [5]. It seems important to note that although the experiment in the CITP, CGE, CE, and CEKC is different, the enantiomers in all of these techniques are resolved based on the same (chromatographic) principle, which is a stereoselective distribution of enantiomers between two (pseudo) phases with different mobilities. Thus, enantioseparations in CE are commonly based on an electrophoretic migration principle and on a chromatographic separation principle [6]. 

Mohan and Lee developed a 2D CE separation system for proteomics by combining CIEF with transient capillary isotachophoresis (CITP)-CZE [145]. 2D separation of proteolytic peptides was applied to analyze tryptic digests of model proteins, including cytochrome c, ribonuclease A, and carbonic anhydrase II. Maximum peak capacity was estimated to be around 1600. 

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