Capacity defined

Extraction and Extractive Distillation. The choice of an extraction or extractive distillation solvent depends upon its boiling point, polarity, thermal stabiUty, selectivity, aromatics capacity, and upon the feed aromatic content (see Extraction). Capacity, defined as the quantity of material that is extracted from the feed by a given quantity of solvent, must be balanced against selectivity, defined as the degree to which the solvent extracts the aromatics in the feed in preference to paraffins and other materials. Most high capacity solvents have low selectivity. The ultimate choice of solvent is deterrnined by economics. The most important extraction processes use either sulfolane or glycols as the polar extraction solvent. 

The separating power of a column can Ise expressed as its peak capacity defined as the number of peaks that can be resolved, at any specified resolution level, in a given separation time. For the general case it can be calculated using equation (1.49)... 

It has been argued that in a typical 2DLC proteomic experiment, with only a limited number of fractions submitted for analysis in the second LC dimension, chromatographic peak capacity is less than 1000. This value is considerably lower than the expected sample complexity. Additional resolution is offered by MS, which represents another separation dimension. With the peak capacity defined as the number of MS/MS scans (peptide identifications) accomplished within the LC analysis time, the MS-derived peak capacity was estimated to be in an order of tens of thousands. While the MS peak capacity is virtually independent of LC separation performance, the complexity of the sample entering the MS instrument still defines the quality of MS/MS data acquisition. The primary goal of 2DLC separation is to reduce the complexity of the sample (and concentrate it, if possible) to a level acceptable for MS/MS analysis. What is the acceptable level of complexity to maintain the reliability and the repeatability of DDA experiments remains to be seen. 

Heat capacity defined on a per unit mass basis is also called specific heat". 

Fig. 1.24 Schematic presentation of hydrogen capacity defined by various methods...

Specific heat capacity. Defined as the quantity of heat in joules required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of a substance by 1 °K. For gases, it is necessary to differentiate between specific heat capacity at constant pressure... 

For purposes of comparison, it is convenient to calculate the specific capacity defined as the capacity divided by the mass of the cell or half-cell, and usually given in units of Ah/kg. In some cases a volume-based specific capacity is preferred (e.g. Ah/dm3). 

When one has a model or related data to estimate the normal or lattice heat capacity in the transition region, the enthalpy of transition for a continuous transition can be obtained as an integration of the excess heat capacity, defined as... 

When the base of the logarithm is e, the denominator in this equation becomes unity and Eq. (2.6) becomes simpler. The mixing capacity defined by Eq. (2.6) has a value from zero for the piston flow to unity for the perfect mixing flow ... 

The whole mixing capacity defined above takes a value from zero for piston flow to unity for perfect mixing flow ... 

Next, the case of m = n in Eq. (2.41), that is, the case that the number of components equals the number of imaginary equivolume partitioned regions, is considered. In this case, the denominator in Eq. (2.41) is log n and the formula coincides with the definition of the whole mixing capacity defined by Eq. (2.30). This is the point of contact between the multi-component mixedness and whole mixing capacity that is, both indices need not be discussed separately. 

Another group of functionally linked characters are more malleable and include (i) body size, (ii) spleen volume, (iii) blood volume, and (iv) red blood cell mass and thus hemoglobin pool size. Increases in any or all of these improve diving capacity (defined as maximum recorded diving duration). 

Thermochemical measurements are based on the relationships between heat and temperature. The measurement that relates to the two is heat capacity, defined as the amount of heat that is required to raise the temperature of a substance 1°C. (The amount of substance is sometimes expressed in moles or in grams.) The heat capacity of a mole of a substance is known as the molar heat capacity, while the heat capacity for gram values of a substance are known as specific heat capacities. The specific heat of a substance is the amount of heat required to raise 1 gram of the substance 1°C. The formula that is used to calculate specific heat is Equation 17.4 ... 

In the fields of capacitors and rechargeable batteries charge capacity defines the capacity that is involved in the charge process of the device and is usually compared to the capacity that is involved in the discharge process (discharge capacity). The losses in the charge process should be minimal in order to obtain good cycleability life of the device. 

These calculations can be checked in additional ways by use of Af Gj ° = Af Hj ° - TAf Sj ° and dAf Gj °/dpH = dAf Hj 7d pH - TdAf Sj °/dpH. More partial derivatives can be taken, but taking a second derivative with respect to the same variable is not likely to be very accurate. An example of a second derivative is the standard transformed heat capacity since Af Cp ° = -Td Af G/ Another example is the binding capacity, defined by di Cera, Gill, and Wyman (4). 

The computer programs also calculate a meait heat capacity defined a.s ... 

A sacrificial electrode has a finite operational lifetime, or capacity, defined as the amount of charge that can be passed before the reactants are effectively depleted. The capacity of an electrode can be empirically determined, or can be calculated from the following equation ... 

Halford GS, Wilson WH, Phillips S 1998 Processing capacity defined by relational complexity. Behav Brain Sci 21 803—864... 

The dehumidification performance of a cooling coil system can be characterized in several ways. The most obvious indicator is the latent capacity, defined as the difference between the total and sensible capacities. The latent capacity increases with reduced airflow and higher entering wet-bulb temperature. However, the sensible capacity changes with these variables as well. As the operation of a DX system is almost always controlled by a dry bulb temperature thermostat, greater latent capacity alone does not necessarily mean lower humidity in a building. 

Have high capacity (defined as the ability to retain their compaction properties when mixed with drugs substances)... 

Many other factors have to be considered for the characterization of a turbine in a chemical or electrochemical reactor. First, the impeller pumping capacity, defined as the liquid flow, is obtained from the revolution volume of the impeller. In addition it is also considered here the circulation flux, conceived as the fluid flowable to drag by the circulation laces generated by the impellers. The renovation time—the time that the entire electrolyte contained in the vessel remains before being drawn across the impeller—has to be also considered. The circulation time is the time that taken by the electrolyte in the reactor to circulate along all the circulation laces (flux pattern of the impeller). Finally, the index of the turbulence is simply the ratio between the mean fluctuant speed in the entire reactor volume from the edge of the impeller. 

Feed rate, mol/h, kg/h or Ib/h also factor for estimating column capacity, defined by Eq. (18.71)... 

When a substance absorbs a quantity of heat dq, its temperature will rise accordingly by an amount dT. The ratio of the two is the heat capacity, defined as... 

Heat capacity - Defined in general as dQ/dT, where dQ is the amount of heat that must be added to a system to increase its temperature by a small amount dT. The heat capacity at constant pressure is = (dHIdT), that at constant volume is Cy = (dE/dT)y, where H is enthalpy, E is internal energy, p is pressure, Tis volume, and T is temperature. An upper case C normally indicates the molar heat capacity, while a lower case c is used for the specific (per unit mass) heat capacity. [1]... 

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