Wolf, Canis lupus

Caribou in northern Quebec contained up to 1129 Bq 137Cs/kg muscle FW in 1986/87, but only 10 to 15% of this amount originated from Chernobyl the remainder is attributed to fallout from earlier atmospheric nuclear tests (Crete et al. 1990). The maximum concentration of 137Cs in meat of caribou (Rangifer tarandus granti) from the Alaskan Porcupine herd after the Chernobyl accident did not exceed 232 Bq/kg FW, and this is substantially below the recommended level of 2260 Bq 137Cs/kg FW (Allaye-Chan et al. 1990). Radiocesium transfer in an Alaskan lichen-reindeer-wolf (Canis lupus) food chain has been estimated. If reindeer forage contained 100 Bq/kg DW in lichens and 5 Bq/kg DW in vascular plants, the maximum winter concentrations — at an effective half-life of 8.2 years in lichens and 2.0 years in vascular plants — were estimated at 20 Bq/kg FW in reindeer-caribou skeletal muscle and 24 Bq/kg FW in wolf muscle (Holleman et al. 1990). 

Wolf Canis lupus Isopentyl sulfide and 3,5-dimethyl-2-octanone Urine Ray mer etal., 1984... 

Urine composition depends on testosterone, as in male mice (Schwende etal, 1986) and the wolf, Canis lupus (Raymer etal., 1986). In the wolf, these volatiles signal both sex and sexual maturity (Raymer eta/., 1986). Similarly, composition of female urine changes with the estrus cycle (Schwende etal., 1986). 

Wolf Canis lupus Urine marks RLU Peters and Mech, 1975... 

Sweden, 1988 wolf Canis lupus, muscle 2,3,7,8-TCDD 0.05 FW 27... 

Raymer, J., D. Wieler, M. Novotny, C. Asa, U.S. Seal, and L.D. Mech Chemical Investigation of Wolf Canis lupus) Anal Sac Secretion in Relation to Breeding Season. J. Chem. Ecol. 11, 593-608 (1985). 

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