Candle wicks

Kerzen-docht, m. candle wick, -filter, n. candle filter, filter candle, -masse, /. candle composition. -nuss, /. candlenut. -nussol, n. candlenut oil. -stUrke, /. candle power, zundung,/. electric ignition,... 

Potassium nitrate is used in explosives, blasting powders, gunpowder, matches, and fireworks. Other applications of this salt include pickling meats tempering steel impregnating candle wicks freezing mixtures preparing other potassium salts and as a diuretic. 

Chain of Fire,—Take a piece of candle wick 8 or 10 inches long, saturated with kerosene oil, squeeze out surplus oil. Take bold of one end with your fire tongs, light by furnace, throw back your head, and lower it into your mouth while exhaling the breath freely When all in, close your lips and remove in handkerchief. 

Providing flame retardancy for fibre blends has proved to be a difficult task. Fibre blends, especially blends of natural fibres with synthetic fibres, usually exhibit a flammability that is worse than that of either component alone. Natural fibres develop a great deal of char during pyrolysis, whereas synthetic fibres often melt and drip when heated. This combination of thermal properties in a fabric made from a fibre blend results in a situation where the melted synthetic material is held in the contact with the heat source by the charred natural fibre. The natural fibre char acts as a candle wick for the molten synthetic material, allowing it to bum readily. This can be demonstrated by the LOl values of cotton (18-19), polyester (20-21) and a 50/50 blend of both (LOl 18), indicating ahigher flammability of the blend as described later (Section 8.11). But a rare case of the opposite behaviour is also known (modacrylic fibres with LOl 33 and cotton in blends from 40-60 % can raise the LOl to 35). 

Figure 1.3.1. Bring a lit match up to a recently extinguished candle wick and the flame will "jump" through the burning gases and relight the wick.

Note. N.B. In the experiment as here shown, a tiny piece of TOtassium must be used instead of phosphorus, since tba Canale has not been previously lighted. Experiment cuefuUy beforehand. The potassium is best conceated in the candle wick. 

The sponge absorbs water or other fluids where the capillary forces push the fluid into many pores. This is also called wicking process (as in the candle wicks). 

Certain precautions must liowever be taken to insure success., Tlie substances—tobacco, candle wick, etc.— ill wliicli the potassium is concealed (a tiny piece only projecting) must he absolutely dry it should even be dried in tlie oven if necessary. And tlie piece of potassium should partake of the nature of a stick, as thick as a daniing needle and about one quarter of an inch long. The e.vact amount can only be determined by experiment. 

To make guests feel comfortable, hosts kept charred candle wicks on the tables so that no one could be singled out as having more affluence. 

Candles represent another source of lead fumes and dust. Some candlewicks contain lead as a stiffening agent. Wasson et al. (2002) observed that burning a single candle in a room can raise the amount of lead in the air of that room above the ambient air lead concentration limit set by the USEPA of 1.5 pg per cubic meter (m ). This lead is in the air as fine particulates that can settle on furniture and floors. Although the Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) banned the manufacture of lead-containing candle wicks in 2003, imported candles, and those purchased at yard sales and from thrift stores, may contain them. 

Gas-liquid interfaces exert forces due to the surface tension of the liquid. For most systems of engineering importance, these forces are negligible. However, for small bubbles and drops, surface forces are very important, as shown here. Several other situations in which surface tension is important are not considered here, such as emulsions, coatings, candle wicks, sweat solder fittings, multiphase flow in porous media, and ink-jet printers [6, Chapter 14],... 

Capillary Action This is a result of a pressure difference between the phases and dominates for small pores. Capillary forces are responsible for the motion of water into a sponge, wax up a candle wick, and the creep of a table top spill of water under the cover of a book. 

When a wax candle is burned, the fuel consists of gaseous hydrocarbons appearing at the end of the candle wick. Describe the phase changes and processes by which the solid wax is ultimately consumed. 

Light a match or candle and observe the resulting flame. Make a sketch of the flame showing the match stick or candle wick and the various visible parts of the flame. Indicate approximately on your drawing ... 

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