Candida issues

Two groups in particular have pioneered the practical application of PheDH from various bacterial species, namely those of Asano etal in Japan and Hummel etal. in Germany. Asano and his colleagues initially explored the application of PheDH to the chiral synthesis of the physiological substrate L-phenylalanine. The PheDH of Bacillus sphaericus was overexpressed in E. coll The issue of cofactor recycling was tackled by using the FDH of Candida hoidinil Importantly, these authors showed that both catalytic activities could be successfully... 

Antimicrobial Compound [Eupolauridine] and Compositions Particularly Effective against Candida albicans. U.S. Patent Office Ser. No. 07/218,986 issued October, 1990. 

Well over 85,000 tons (76.500 metric tons) of yeast dry matter are produced in the United States alone each year. About 75% of this is in the form of bakers yeast, the remaining 25% represents about equal amounts of food yeast and feed yeast. This production issues from four types of manufacture (1) Bakers yeast is grown batchvvise in aerated molasses solutions. (2) Candida, utilis is obtained from wood pulp mill spent liquid. (3) K. fragiH.r is grown batchwise in cottage cheese whey, (4) Dried yeast is recovered as spent beer yeast. Worldwide production of all types of food and feed yeast is estimated at more than 450,000 dry tons (405.000 metric tons) per year. 

Mutant analysis in S. cerevisiue. Iras helped in understanding the mode of action of the echinocandins and in defining the components of the enzyme in this organism and in other fungi. It also raised the issue of the significance of resistance for the clinic. A careful study of mutants in Candida was therefore conducted (Douglas et al., 1997). The spontaneous... 

In 1929 Kinoshita [107] identified itaconic acid as the major metaboHc product of A. itaconicus. Later research showed that A. terreus is a better biocatalyst for itaconic acid accumulation. A number of yeast strains belonging to Candida and Rhodotorula [108] can also accumulate a limited amount of itaconic acid. Patents on the industrial production of itaconic acid using Aspergilli as the biocatalyst from molasses were issued in 1961. The currently preferred industrial process uses improved strains of A. terreus as the biocatalyst. The most often studied itaconic acid producers are A. terreus NRRL 265 and A. terreus NRRL 1960. 

The synthesis of DPP-IV inhibitor Saxagliptin 5 also required (55)-5-amino-carbonyl-4,5-dihydro-lH-pyrrole-l-carboxylic acid, l-(l,l-dimethylethyl)ester 10 (Figure 16.3C). Direct chemical ammonolyses were hindered by the requirement for aggressive reaction conditions, which resulted in unacceptable levels of amide race-mization and side-product formation, while milder two-step hydrolysis-condensation protocols using coupling agents such as 4-(4,6-dimethoxy-l,3,5-triazin-2-yl)-4-methylmorpholinium chloride (DMT-MM) [41] were compromised by reduced overall yields. To address this issue, a biocatalytic procedure was developed based on the Candida antartica lipase B (CALB)-mediated ammonolysis of (55)-4,5-dihydro-lH-pyrrole-l,5-dicarboxylic acid, l-(l,l-dimethylethyl)-5-ethyl ester 9 with ammonium carbamate to furnish 10 without racemization and with low levels of side-product formation. 

Eerrer P, Montesinos JL, Valero E et al. (2001) Production of native and recombinant lipases by Candida rugosa a review. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 95 221—255 Fregapane G, Samey DB, Vulfson EN (1991) Enzymic solvent-free synthesis of sugar acetal fatty acid esters. Enzyme Microb Technol 13(10) 796-800 Fuenzalida M, Markovits A, Martinez I (2006) Process for producing sterol or stand esters by enzymatic transesterification in solvent and water free media. EP 1285969 Bl. Issued on November 10, 2006... 

Candida flareri (Candida Riboflavin production Salt tolerant, issues with genetic [11]... 

Payne, S., Gibson, G., Wynne, A. etal. (2003) 7 vitro studies on colonization resistance of the human gut microbiota to Candida albicans and the effects of tetracycline and Lactobacillus plantarum LPK. Curr. Issues Intest. Microbiol, 4,1-8. 

The final common method for employing enzymes in biocatalysis involves their prior immobilization on a solid support by covalent or noncovalent bonds. In many cases, this modification deaeases their catalytic effidendes, and it can also introduce mass transport limitations. Minimizing both of these issues by optimizing both the nature of the solid support and the enzyme/support connection is an area of intensive current research. Some enzymes are available commerdally in immobilized form. The best-known example is Novoz5mi 435, which is a trade name for Candida antarctica lipase B adsorbed on a polymeric support. 

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