Cancer tumor characteristics

Elmore JG, Moceri VM, Carter D, Larson EB. Breast carcinoma tumor characteristics in black and white women. Cancer 1998 83 2509-2515. 

Cytogenetic abnormalities are frequent in most tumor types and are often associated with tumor characteristics or patient outcome. Altered DNA ploidy (copy number changes) in the cancer genome was described in the 1960s when it was demonstrated that bladder and prostate cancer patients with diploid or tetraploid tumor nuclei had a longer survival rate than patients with triploid or hexaploid tumor nuclei (19). 

Tucker AN et al (2005) Polymorphisms in cytochrome P4503A5 (CYP3A5) may be associated with race and tumor characteristics, but not metabolism and side effects of tamoxifen in breast cancer patients. Cancer Lett 217 61-72... 

Silva JM, Dominguez G, Silva J, Garcia JM, Sanchez A, Rodriguez O, et al. Detection of epithelial messenger RNA in the plasma of breast cancer patients is associated with poor prognosis tumor characteristics. Clin Cancer Res 2001 7 2821-5. 

Arpino G, Bardou VJ, Clark GM, et al. Infiltrating lobular carcinoma of the breast Tumor characteristics and clinical outcome. Breast Cancer Res. 2004 6 R149-R156. 

Cancers are classified by the tissues affected. The vast majority of cancerous tumors are carcinomas (tumors derived from epithelial tissue cells such as skin, various glands, breasts, and most internal organs). In the leukemias, cancers of the bone marrow, excessive leukocytes are produced. Similarly, the lymphocytes produced in the lymph nodes and spleen proliferate uncontrollably in the lymphomas. Tumors arising in connective tissue are called sarcomas. Despite the differences among this diverse class of diseases, they also have several common characteristics, among which are the following ... 

Silber JR, Bobola MS, Ghatan S, Blank A, Kolstoe DD, Berger MS. 0 -methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase activity in adult gliomas relation topatient and tumor characteristics. Cancer Res 1998 58 1068-1073. 

Another reason for the unusual properties of nanoparticles is that their tiny size allows them to penetrate into very small spaces. For example, one application of this characteristic developed at Rice University involves using gold nanoparticles ( 120 nm in diameter) to penetrate the tangle of capillaries supplying blood to a cancerous tumor. The gold particles (called nanoshells) are then heated with infrared radiation, which kills the surrounding cancer cells. 

One of the emerging strategies to overcome the drawbacks of dendrimers and dendritic nanomaterials is their hybridization with other types of nanoparticles, which is most commonly used in targeted cancer drug delivery. The tumor characteristic of enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect allows polymeric nanoparticles, micelles, and liposomes of relatively large size (typically 50-200 nm in diameter) to be selectively accumulated in tumor sites.[32] This size-based accumulation in tumor sites, called passive targeting, cannot be easily exploited by dendrimers due to their small size (<10 nm). In contrast, active... 

The careful preparations that Fischer made before his death are characteristic of him. He made his last decision, settled all important matters and, when he heard that he should have an operation because of his diseased bladder and a cancerous tumor, he took potassiumferrocyannide to end his life. He had told his old friend Georg Klemperer that he would not allow himself to be operated on, and would commit suicide if necessary. ... 

Breast. Igaku-Shoin, New York, pp 1-8 Kolb TM, Lichy J, Newhouse JH (1998) Occult cancer in women with dense breast detection with screening US, diagnostic yield and tumor characteristics. Radiology 207 191-199 Kolb TM, Lichy J, Newhouse JH (2000) The impact of bilateral whole breast ultrasound in women with dense breasts and recently diagnosed breast cancer (abstract). Radiology 217 (P) 318... 

The breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) belongs to the G-branch of the ABC-transporter family (ABCG2). In contrast to most other ABC-proteins, BCRP consists of only one transmembrane domain (TDM) with one nucleotide binding fold (NBF) at its C-terminus. Because of this structural characteristic BCRP as well as other ABC-transporters with only one TMD are termed half transporters. To achieve functional activity these transporters have to form hetero- or homodimers. BCRP is involved in the multidrug resistance of certain tumors and transports endogenous compounds like cholesterol and steroid hormones. 

Over 90% of colon cancers are adenocarcinomas and are assigned a grade of I to III based on how similar they are to normal colon cells. Grade I tumors most closely resemble normal cellular structure, whereas, grade III tumors frequently have lost the characteristics of mature normal cells. Grade III tumors are associated with a worse prognosis than grade I tumors.8... 

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