Cancer androgen receptor

Hormone antagonists (tamoxifen and toremifen bind to the estradiol receptor, flutamide binds to the androgen receptor) are used for treating breast and prostate cancer. 

Cha, T.L. et al., Emodin down-regulates androgen receptor and inhibits prostate cancer cell growth, Cancer Res., 65, 2287, 2005. 

Genetic Familial prostate cancer is inherited in an autosomal dominant manner. Mutations in p53, Rb, E-cahedrin, a-catenin, androgen receptor, KAII, microsatellite instability, loss of heterozygocity at 1, 2q, 12p, 15q, 16p, and 16q. Candidate prostate cancer gene locus identified on chromosome 1. 

CAG repeat length. Shorter CAG repeat sequences have been found in African Americans. Therefore, the combination of increased testosterone and increased androgen receptor activation may account for the increased risk of prostate cancer for African-American men.2 The Asian diet generally is considered to be low in fat and high in fiber with a high concentration of phytoestrogens, potentially explaining the decreased risk in Asians.4... 

Culig Z. Role of the androgen receptor axis in prostate cancer. Urology 2003 62(5 suppl 1) 21—26. 

Note PCa, prostate cancer WM, white male DES, diethylstilbestrol AR, androgen receptor PSA, prostate specific antigen and PAP, prostatic acid phosphatase. 

Xing, N, Y Chen, SH Mitchell, and CYF Young. 2001. Quercetin inhibits the expression and function of the androgen receptor in LNCaP prostate cancer cells. Carcinogenesis 22(3) 409 414. 

Lin, D. L., M. C. Whitney, Z. Yao, and E. T. Keller. 2001. Interleukin-6 induces androgen responsiveness in prostate cancer cells through up-regulation of androgen receptor expression. Clin Cancer Res 7(6) 1773—81. 

Halkidou K, Gnanapragasam VJ, Mehta PB, Logan IR, Brady ME, Cook S, Leung HY, Neal DE, Robson CN (2003) Expression of Tip60, an androgen receptor coactivator, and its role in prostate cancer development. Oncogene 22 2466-2477... 

Bhuiyan MMR, Li Y, Banerjee S, Ahmed F, Wang Z, Ali S, Sarkar FH. (2006) Down-regulation of androgen receptor by 3,3 -diindolylmethane contributes to inhibition of cell proliferation and induction of apooptosis in both hormone-sensitive LNCaP and insensitive C4-2B Prosate Cancer Cells. Cancer Res 66 10064-10072. 

Majumder, S., Liu, Y., Ford, O.H. 3rd, Mohler, J.L. and Whang, YE. (2006) Involvement of arginine methyltrans-ferase CARMl in androgen receptor function and prostate cancer cell viability. Prostate, 66, 1292-1301. 

Kahl, P., Gullotti, L., Heukamp, L.C., Wolf, S., Friedrichs, N., Vorreuther, R., Solleder, G., Bastian, P.J., Ellinger, J., Metzger, E., Schule, R. and Buettner, R. (2006) Androgen receptor coactivators lysine-specific histone demethylase 1 and four and a half LIM domain protein 2 predict risk of prostate cancer recurrence. Cancer Research, 66, 11341-11347. 

Androgenic Receptors The antagonists of androgenic receptor, flu-tamide, nilutamide and bicalutamide, have the same m-trifluoromethylaniline moiety (Figures 8.73 and 8.74). They are marketed for hormone-dependent prostatic cancer... 

Craft, N., Shostak, Y., Carey, N. M., and Sawyers, C. L. 1999. A mechanism for hormone-independent prostate cancer through modulation of androgen receptor signalling by the HER-2/neu tyrosine kinase. Nat. Med. 5 280-285. 

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