Canadian Guidelines

This code is not intended to apply to public utility stmctures or to bridges used solely for railway or rail transit purposes. 

This code also does not specify requirements related to coastal effects (e.g., exposure to sea action and icebergs) or to mountainous terrain effects (e.g., avalanches). For structures that can be subject to such effects, specialists need to be 

For bridges not entirely within the scope of this code, the reqirirements apply only when appropriate. Necessary additional or alternative design criteria are subject to approval. 

CAN/CSA S806-02,2002 Design and Construction of Building Components with Fiber-reinforced Polymers  

Requirements for the determination of engineering properties and design of self-supporting FRP components are covered by this standard. 

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Glennie, J., G. Torrance, J. Baladi, C. Berka, E. Hubbard, D. Menon, N. Otten and M. Riviere (1999), The revised Canadian guidelines for the economic evaluation of pharmaceuticals , PharmacoEconomics, 15,459-68. 

To evaluate the potential risk of Ebro river sediments, the concentrations detected were compared to actual legislation. The WFD does not specifically address sediment management [95]. In contrast to this, the Canadian sediment quality guidelines for the protection of aquatic life [96] provide data for different types of sediments and include 33 compounds, PAHs and DDTs among them. All the PAHs included in the Canadian guidelines are present above the limit, ranging from 3% of the samples for naphthalene to 90% for dibenzo(a,h)anthracene. Special attention has to be paid to benzo(a)pyrene and dibenzo(a,h)anthracene, considered... 

In the case of DDTs, the three compounds (DDT, DDE and DDD) are considered as the sum of both 2,4 and 4,4 isomers. Half of the samples were above the limits proposed by Canadian guidelines and for DDT more than 95% of the samples were above this limit. The highest concentration levels were ranging from 15.3 to 351 pg kg-1. Two compounds with very small percentage of appearance in the samples, y-HCH and dieldrin, have concentrations above the Canadian guidelines. 

Differences are found between the maximum values in the Canadian guidelines for sodium (not specified), sulfate (500 mg/L), and total dissolved solids (500 mg/L) and those specified by WHO guidelines for sodium (200 mg/L), sulfate (400 mg/L), and total dissolved solids (1000 mg/L). Asbestos, lead, and arsenic were identified for reconsideration because of high public concern about these substances. The WHO guidelines for lead and arsenic are identical to those found in the current... 

Canadian guidelines, and no limit is set for asbestos in both the WHO standards and the Canadian guidelines. 

The 1978 Canadian guidelines specify an MAC of 0.02 mg/L for uranium. This value is about 250 times lower than the previous level (5.0 mg/L) specified in the 1968 guidelines and is based primarily upon the results of chronic studies in rats (although the data were considered to be of poor quality). Studies have been initiated in the Environmental Health Directorate to acquire a more accurate data base, and the need to reevaluate uranium once these results are available has been recognized. The preliminary results suggest that the currently specified levels may be unnecessarily stringent. 

A new parameter, aluminum, which is not currently in the Canadian guidelines, has been included in the new WHO guidelines. Aluminum compounds are used extensively in water treatment, although levels are generally less than 0.1 mg/L in distributed water. Above this level, discoloration of water can occur in the presence of iron salts. The WHO limit for aluminum is 0.2 mg/L and is based on aesthetic considerations (3). 

Chloroform concentrations were usually >10 /zg/L in treated water and again were generally highest in summer. The values for total THMs were always less than the Canadian MAC of 350 /zg/L, but these results suggest there may be difficulties in meeting the recommended WHO limit. (The WHO limit relates to chloroform, whereas the existing Canadian guideline is for total THMs). 

Both atrazine and metolachlor are classified as potential human carcinogens by the USEPA, which has established a maximum contaminant level in drinking water of 3000 ng/L [78]. The maximum concentrations of atrazine and metolachlor measured in the 1994-2000 Great Lakes survey were 1039 ng/L and 736 ng/L, respectively. The effects of long-term, low-level concentrations of atrazine and metolachlor on aquatic ecosystems are largely unknown [79]. The Canadian guidelines for the protection of aquatic fife and drinking water (Table 8) were not exceeded for either of these herbicides [80-83]. 

The acute toxicity of phenoxy-acid herbicides to humans and aquatic organisms is relatively low [87]. The USEPA maximum residue level for 2,4-D in drinking water is 70 000 ng/L, and the National Academy of Sciences has recommended a maximum concentration in water for protection of aquatic life of 3000 ng/L [78]. No Canadian guidelines for the protection of aquatic life and drinking water were exceeded (Table 8). 

The USEPA Great Lakes Water Quality Guidance criteria for PCBs was set at 0.017 ng L 1 in 1995.22 Current data indicate that this criteria is exceeded in all of the lakes, including Lake Superior. The Canadian guideline is 1.0 ng 1 1, and is not exceeded in the open waters of any of the lakes at this time. The strict criteria recently established by the US and the implications for compliance are a topic of current debate. 

In 1990 there were 3 reports of the low level occurrence of benzene in beverages. Bottled mineral water was contaminated with benzene originated from an underground source of carbon dioxide which was inadequately carbon treated [23]. Two manufacturers found benzene in fmit flavoured mineral waters at levels greater than 5.0 pg/kg [24], The US EPA maximum contaminant level (MAE) for benzene is 0.005 mg/L [25] which is also the Canadian guideline as maximum acceptable concentration (MAC) in drinking water [26]. The manufacturers attributed the benzene to the presence of ascorbic acid and sodium benzoate in combination in their drink formations [27], omitting either of these additives eliminated the benzene. 

Ontario Ministry of Health. Ontario Guidelines for Economic Analysis of Pharmaceutical Products. 1994 http /Avww.gov.on.ca/health/english/pub/drugs/drugpro/economic.html Glennie JL, Torrance GW, Baladi JF et al. The revised Canadian guidelines for the economic evaluation of pharmaceuticals. PharmacoEconomics 1999 lS 459-68. 

Balter MS, La Forge J, Low DE, et al. Canadian guidelines for the management of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. Can Respir J 2003 10(suppl B) 3B-32. 

Jamaican agricultural soils contained up to 0.83 mg total mercury/kg DW, mean 0.221 mg/kg DW this was far in excess of Danish and Canadian guidelines for mercury in crop soils, i.e, <0.007 mg/kg DW. Jamaican soils also exceeded Danish and Canadian proposed limits for arsenic, cadmium, copper, and chromium in agricultural soils. 

For safety risks, the criteria for individual safety risk varies among jurisdictions, ranging from 10 to 10 for the lower level and from 10" to 10" for the upper level (again for involuntary exposure), expressed in terms of chance of fatality of an exposed individual over a year. The Canadian guidelines developed by the Major Industrial Accidents Council of Canada are shown in Fig. 10.3 as an example of how these can be used for land use planning (MIACC, 1994). 

Douketis, J.D. Paradis, G. Keller, H. Martineau, C. Canadian guidelines for body weight classification in adults Application in clinical practice to screen for overweight and obesity and to assess disease risk. CMAJ 2005, 172, 995-998. 

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