Calibration curve for

Fig. 6 Error of measuring limit length crack depth by using calibration curve for infinitely long crack.

Fig. 7 Error of measuring crack depth in plate by using calibration curve for crack in half space.

Repeat the boiling point determination with the following pure liquids (a) carbon tetrachloride, A.R. (77°) (6) ethylene dibromide (132°) or chlorobenzene (132°) (c) aniline, A.R. (184-6°) and (d) nitrobenzene, A.R. (211°). An air condenser should be used for (c) and (d). Correct the observed boiling points for any appreciable deviation from the normal pressure of 760 mm. Compare the observed boiling points with the values given in parentheses and construct a calibration curve for the thermometer. Compare the latter with the curve obtained from melting point determinations (Section 111,1). 

In addition to the orthodox method, just described, for the determination of the boiling points of liquids, the student should determine the boiling points of small volumes (ca. 0 5 ml.) by Siwolobofifs method. Full details are given iri Section 11,12. Determine the boiling points of the pure liquids listed in the previous paragraph. Observe the atmospheric pressure and if this differs by more than 5 mm. from 760 mm., correct the boiling point with the aid of Table II,9,B. Compare the observed boiling points with the accepted values, and draw a calibration curve for the thermometer. 

Determination of melting points (a-naphthylamine, a-naphthol, benzoic acid, succinic acid and p-nitrobenzoic acid). Use the apparatus shown in Fig. II, 10, 2, a. Construction of calibration curve for thermometer. Determination of m.p. of unknown compound. 

Determination of boiling points. Distillation method (Fig. II, 12, 1) for carbon tetrachloride (25 nil. distillation flask and small water condenser), and SiwoloboflF s method (Fig. II, 12, 2) for carbon tetrachloride, aniline and nitrobenzene. Calibration curve for thermometer. Determination of b.p. of unknown liquid. 

A second spectrophotometric method for the quantitative determination of Pb + levels in blood gives a linear normal calibration curve for which... 

Examples of calibration curves for the method of standard additions. In (a) the signal is plotted versus the volume of the added standard, and in (b) the signal is plotted versus the concentration of the added standard after dilution. 

Since a standard additions calibration curve is constructed in the sample, it cannot be extended to the analysis of another sample. Each sample, therefore, requires its own standard additions calibration curve. This is a serious drawback to the routine application of the method of standard additions, particularly in laboratories that must handle many samples or that require a quick turnaround time. For example, suppose you need to analyze ten samples using a three-point calibration curve. For a normal calibration curve using external standards, only 13 solutions need to be analyzed (3 standards and 10 samples). Using the method of standard additions, however, requires the analysis of 30 solutions, since each of the 10 samples must be analyzed three times (once before spiking and two times after adding successive spikes). 

Normal calibration curve for the hypothetical data in Table 5.1, showing the regression line. 

Weighted normal calibration curve for the data in Example 5.13. The lines through the data points show the standard deviation of the signal for the standards. These lines have been scaled by a factor of 50 so that they can be seen on the same scale as the calibration curve. 

Calculate the absorbance of each solution when Pstray is 5% of Pq, and plot Beer s law calibration curves for both sets of data. Explain any differences between the two curves. (Hint Assume that Pq is 100). 

Construct a calibration curve for the electrode, and report (a) the range of concentrations in which a linear response is observed, (b) the equation for the calibration curve in this range, and (c) the concentration of penicillin in a sample that yields a potential of 142 mV. 

Calibration curve for the determination of formula weight by size-exclusion chromatography. 

Calibration curve for the variable-time integral determination of 1. ... 

Figure 9.14 Calibration curve for GPC as log M versus the retention volume Vj, showing how the location of the detector signal can be used to evaluate M. Also shown are the void volume Vy and the internal volume Vj in relation to Vj, and KVj as a fraction of Vj.

An interesting outgrowth of these considerations is the idea that In r versus K or Vj should describe a universal calibration curve in a particular column for random coil polymers. This conclusion is justified by examining Eq. (9.55), in which the product [i ]M is seen to be proportional to (rg ), with r = a(rg 0 ) - This suggests that In rg in the theoretical calibration curve can be replaced by ln[r ]M. The product [r ]M is called the hydrodynamic volume, and Fig. 9.17 shows that the calibration curves for a variety of polymer types merge into a single curve when the product [r ]M, rather than M alone, is used as the basis for the cafibration. 

In case if coating material consists only of a single element (that is the most typical case) it is not very complicated to calculate the calibration curve for any characteristic line of coating element. This calibration curve sets relation between and coating thickness D. The estimations demonstrate that by means of such approach is possible to make the measurements of the coatings in the range of 10 - 60 micrometers. The calibration curves were calculated for the measurements on the spectrometers SPECTROSCAN MAX-G, and SPECTROSCAN MAX-GV. 

In the experiment was determined that for linear calibration curve for CrKa in GSO PG24-PG31 the standai d error was 0.045%. The application of theoretical corrections method enables a decrease of that value to the level of 0.013%. In case when for the analytical parameter is taken the ratio L /L the standai d deviation decreases to 0.002%. 

Table 18. Statistical comparison (F-test [125]) of the methods. Standard deviation Sxo of the calibration curves for diethylstilbestrol and ethinylestradiol [114].

FIGURE 4.2 Polyethylene oxide, dextran, and protein calibration curves for TSK-GEL SW Columns. Column TSK-GEL SW, two 7.S mm x 60 cm columns in series. Sample , proteins Q, polyethylene oxides O, dextrans. Elution dextrans and polyethylene oxides distilled water proteins 0.3 A1 NaCI in 0.1 M phosphate buffer, ph 7. Flow rate 1.0 ml/min. Detection UV at 220 nm and Rl. 

The ionic species of the mobile phase will also affect the separation. This is shown in Table 4.3 by the difference in resolution values for magnesium chloride buffer compared to sodium sulfate buffer. In addition, calibration curves for proteins in potassium phosphate buffers are shallower than those generated in sodium phosphate buffers. The slope of the curve in Sorenson buffer (containing both Na and ) is midway between the slopes generated with either cation alone (1). Table 4.4 illustrates the impact of different buffer conditions on mass recovery for six sample proteins. In this case, the mass recovery of proteins (1,4) is higher with sodium or potassium phosphate buffers (pH 6.9) than with Tris-HCl buffers (pH 7.8). 

The range of pore sizes in which TSK-GEL PW and TSK-GEL PWxi columns are available permits a wide spectrum of water-soluble substances to be analyzed. Calibration curves for polyethylene glycols chromatographed on... 

H type resins are available in different pore sizes. Examples of calibration curves for polystyrene standards are shown in Figs. 4.38 and 4.39. Other series of H type columns have similar calibration curves. Exclusion limits are listed in Tables 4.12-4.16. 

FIGURE 4.43 Calibration curves for globular proteins on toyopearl resins. Column 22 mm X 30 cm. Sample Protein standards. Elution 0.06 A1 phosphate buffer, pH 7, in 0.06 A1 KCI. Legend elution volume V column volume. 

FIGURE 10.2 Calibration curves for proteins on SynChropak GPC columns. Mobile phase 0.1 M potassium phosphate, pH 7. (From MICRA Scientific, Inc., with permission.)... 

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