Calculated structural loss factor

Fig. 5. Calculated structural loss factor based on RKU model for three-layer composite with varying Young s storage modulus and loss tangent of viscoelastic layer.

Noll, D.A. Maga, L.J. Palladino, D.J. "Computer Programs for Calculation of Structural Loss Factors Using the Ross, Kerwin, and Ungar Model", Research and Development Report DTNSRDC/SAD-87/69E-1944, September 1987, David. W. Taylor Research Center, Bethesda, MD, 20084-5000. 

In this paper, a systematic procedure for the design of structures with MR dampers, referred to as the Simplified Design Procedure (SDP), is developed. The procedure is similar to that developed by Lee et al. (2005, 2009), but with modifications to account for the characteristics of the MR dampers. A quasistatic MR damper model for determining the loss factor and the effective stiffness of an MR damper is introduced and incorporated into the procedure to calculate the design demand for the structure with MR dampers. The procedure is evaluated by comparing the predicted design demand to the seismic... 

The first of these factors reduces the complexity of the simulation, but the second has entirely the opposite effect as charge cycling events affect both the energy of the primary ion and its inelastic collision cross section. While the proximity of energy loss events does not affect the details of track structure simulation (at reasonable LET), it may cause significant complications in subsequent diffusion-kinetic calculations due to the (potentially unphysi-cally) high local concentration of radiation-induced reactants. 

The term Qsh is the net solar radiant energy absorption rate on the basin bottom. It is equivalent to total radiation incident on the basin cover minus reflection from the cover, the water surface, and the basin bottom, and minus loss due to structural shadowing. Its determination from Weather Bureau records of total daily radiation on a horizontal surface is complicated by many factors such as variation in angle of incidence, and resulting transmissivity of cover, hourly and seasonally, intensity change due to cloudiness, and different properties of direct and diffuse radiations. Detailed explanation of these meteorological and optical calculations is beyond the scope of this paper, but may be found in the literature (6). 

From a point of view of industrial protein production the number of sequential operations necessary to achieve the desired purity of a protein contributes significantly to the overall costs of the downstream process. This is on one hand due to the capital investment and amount of consumables needed for each step as well as to the individual time requirements of each operation, as labour costs are a very important factor in the calculation of process economics. Secondly the overall yield of the purification is reduced with each additional process step, originating from its inherent loss of product. Furthermore, fast primary recovery should separate the protein of interest from process conditions detrimental to its structural stability, e.g. proteases, glycosidases, or oxidizing conditions. As the performance of the purification process, expressed by its overall yield, operation time, and capital cost may contribute to up to 80% of the total production costs [2], it is evident, that a reduction of the number of sequential steps in a purification protocol may be the key to the economic success of a potential protein product [3],... 

In contrast to dielectric losses permittivity is not, in general, sensitive to small amounts of impurities and for homogeneous dielectrics values can be calculated as described in Section 2.7.1, and the various mixture rules allow good estimates to be made for multiphase dielectrics. For Ba- and Sr-based dielectrics having the perovskite structure the variation of permittivity with temperature, which determines rf (see Eq. (5.37)), can be correlated with the tolerance factor t (see Section 2.7.3) [13] providing guidance for tailoring ceramics to have xf = 0. 

The energy loss due to the first mechanism is included in the structural factor by introducing a factor A oii the right hand side of Eq. (3.1) in the form of a power series in the chain length, each successive term of which represents the loss due to successively more distantly coupled chains. The central problem for this part of the calculation is to timate the number of effective order coupled molecules. This is accomplished approximately by computing the density function for order coupfes in a step-wise calculation utilizing conformation avera d ment density functions. The final result for A he written... 

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