Calandria pans

Crystallization. The syrup from the evaporator is pumped to a vacuum pan, in which it is evaporated to supersaturation in order to cause sugar to crystallize. The vacuum pan is a single-effect evaporator designed to handle viscous materials. It is a vertical cylinder with its bottom designed to allow easy removal of the crystallized mass. The heating elements used in vacuum pans either are short, large-diameter vertical tubes (calandria pans) or coil around the inner surface of the truncated cone of the pan (coil... 

Many special types of equipment have been developed for particular industries, possibly extreme examples being the simple open ponds for solar evaporation of brines and recovery of salt, and the specialized vacuum pans of the sugar industry that operate with syrup on the tubeside of calandrias and elaborate internals to eliminate entrainment. Some modifications of basic types of crystallizers often carry the inventor s or manufacturer s name. For their identification, the book of Bamforth (1965) may be consulted. 

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