Cadmium organometallic compounds

Why is the toxicology of cadmium organometallic compounds of particular concern ... 

J. L. Wardell, Organometallic Compounds of Zinc, Cadmium and Mercury, Chapman Hall, London, 1985,... 

D. A. Shirley, The Synthesis of Ketones from Acidhalides and Organometallic Compounds of Magnesium, Zinc and Cadmium, Organic Rcaktions, Vol. VIII, 28 (1954). 

Accounts of the preparation, properties, characterization by physical methods and use of representative inorganic and organometallic compounds of cadmium and mercury have been published.18 19... 

In recent years new types of carbanions have been prepared which are paired with different metals and this has found the basis for the preparation of many novel organometallic compounds. Some of these metals include group IA, IIA metals besides aluminium, zinc and cadmium. 

D. A. Shirley, The synthesis of ketones from acid halides and organometallic compounds of magnesium, zinc, and cadmium, Org. React. 1954, 8, 28-58. 

These techniques have crossovers in the sense that, for example, LCVD can be done with metal-organic precursors. Cheon and Zink (1997) deposited thin films of ZnS, CdS, and Zn,Cdi S onto quartz substrates. The source of the metal and the sulfur was the organometallic compound diethyl dithiocarbamate zinc or cadmium M(S2CNEt2)2- In this case a single precursor was used to produce a binary compound as a thin film. 

Ziegler-Natta Catalysts (Heterogeneous). These systems consist of a combination of a transition metal compound from groups IV to VIII and an organometallic compound of a group I—III metal.23 The transition metal compound is called the catalyst and the organometallic compound the cocatalyst. Typically the catalyst is a halide or oxyhalide of titanium, chromium, vanadium, zirconium, or molybdenum. The cocatalyst is often an alkyl, aryl, or halide of aluminum, lithium, zinc, tin, cadmium, magnesium, or beryllium.24 One of the most important catalyst systems is the titanium trihalides or tetra-halides combined with a trialkylaluminum compound. 

It should also be mentioned at the outset that numerous organometallic compounds constitute hazardous materials. Several of them, especially those containing small alkyl groups bonded to reactive metals, are spontaneously flammable in air and react explosively with water. Others, especially those of mercury and cadmium, are extremely toxic. To make the situation worse, some of these compounds are readily absorbed through the skin. Needless to say, special precautions and laboratory techniques are necessary when working with any organometallic compounds that have these characteristics. 

For zinc there are two major classes of organometallic compounds, R2Zn and RZnX, whereas only the R2Cd type are important. In the solid state the R2M compounds are probably all linear molecules, whereas the RZnX compounds are oligomers or polymers with /u —X or /u,3—X atoms. Both zinc and cadmium form... 

Chemical insnlt to the kidney presents a wide spectrum of nephropathies that are indistingnishable from those that do not have a chemical etiology, and the diseases associated with exposure to chemical substances have remained unrecognized. Examples inclnde the nephropathies caused by cadmium, other environmental heavy metals, the organometallic compounds used as therapeutic agents, anticancer drugs, cyclosporin, analgesic abuse, and antibiotics. 

Not only lithium-derived organometallic compounds have proved to be suitable reagents for generating a new C —P bond Grignard and cadmium compounds have also found some applications, but they are not so widespread. For example, tris(pentafluorophenyl)phosphane... 

Several isotopes (see Isotopes Isotope Labeling) of Cd are known, and 8 are stable (Table 3). For " Cd and " Cd, the nnclear spin is 1/2 and they are used for NMR studies of Cd compounds and in biological fields (see Cadmium Organometallic Chemistry). " Cd is used in the nuclear industry because of its high neutron cross section. Unstable isotopes are prepared from nuclear reactions. Cd stable isotope composition in geological and meteorite samples has been investigated using multiple collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. ... 

The mercury may be replaced from mercury dimethyl by sodium, magnesium, zinc, or aluminium under suitable condition with formation of organometallic compounds of these metals with mercury diethyd, the reaction takes place with sodium, magnesium, cadmium, beryllium, zinc, aluminium, bismuth, and tellurium with mercury di-n-propyl, the metals sodium, beryllium, zinc and aluminium react, and sodium also reacts with mercury di-n-octyl. 

The synthesis of ketones from acid halides and organometallic compounds of magnesium, zinc and cadmium... 

O. R. 1-9, C. R. Hauser and B. E. Hudson, Jr., The Acctoacetic Ester Condensation and Related Reactions lV-4, S. M. McElvain, The Acyloins 11-4, W. S. Johnson, The Formation of Cyclic Ketones by Intramolecular Acylation VIII-2, D. A. Shirley, The Synthesis of Ketones from Acid Chlorides and Organometallic Compounds of Magnesium, Zinc, and Cadmium. ... 

Whereas organomercury compounds do not add to aldehydes and ketones, cadmium organometallics show a useful reactivity. As in the case of organozinc derivatives, allylic cadmium compounds... 

Very soon after the reactivity of Cd(CF3)2DME toward main group halides (31) and group 10 dihalides (32) had been established, we set out to determine if the cadmium reagent was effective in trifluoromethylating representative organometallic compounds. One of the first substrates chosen was CpCo(CO)I2, which was selected because the mono-trifluoro-methyl derivative was known, but the disubstituted compound was not. The results of this reaction are (60)... 

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