Cadmium and compounds

The 2003 ACGIH threshold limit valuetime-weighted average (TLV-TWA) for elemental cadmium and compounds as Cd is... 

ACGIH Cadmium and compounds. Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices, 7th ed, 4pp. Cincinnati, OH, American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH), 2001... 

Beryllium and compounds Cadmium and compounds Copper and compounds Cyanides... 

Maximum exposure limits (MEL) This is the maximum concentration of an airborne substance, averaged over a reference period, to which employees may be exposed by inhalation under any circumstances. Details of the legal requirements are contained in Schedule 1 of the COSHH Regulations and the relevant substances are listed in the first part of the HSE s Guidance Note EH 40. Currently there are 32 substances listed but this is reviewed each year. A few selected examples are hardwood dust, rubber fume, cadmium and compounds and 1.1.1-trichloroethane. 

Most of the listed exposure limits refer to single substances or closely related groups, e.g. cadmium and compounds, isocyanates etc. A few exposure limits refer to complex mixtures or compounds, e.g. white spirit, rubber fume. However, exposure in workplaces is often to a mixture of substances and such combinations may, by their nature, increase the hazard. Mixed exposure requires assessment with regard to possible health effects, which should take into account other factors such as the primary target organs of the major contaminants and possible interaction between the latter substances. 

Copper sulfate, in small amounts, activates the zinc dust by forming zinc—copper couples. Arsenic(III) and antimony(TTT) oxides are used to remove cobalt and nickel they activate the zinc and form intermetaUic compounds such as CoAs (49). Antimony is less toxic than arsenic and its hydride, stibine, is less stable than arsine and does not form as readily. Hydrogen, formed in the purification tanks, may give these hydrides and venting and surveillance is mandatory. The reverse antimony procedure gives a good separation of cadmium and cobalt. 

Almost all the methods described for the nickel electrode have been used to fabricate cadmium electrodes. However, because cadmium, cadmium oxide [1306-19-0], CdO, and cadmium hydroxide [21041-95-2], Cd(OH)2, are more electrically conductive than the nickel hydroxides, it is possible to make simple pressed cadmium electrodes using less substrate (see Cadmium and cadmium alloys Cadmium compounds). These are commonly used in button cells. 

Technical and Microeconomic A.naljsis of Cadmium and its Compounds, EPA 560 /3-75-005, National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Va., 1975, p. 38. 

Versar Inc., Technical and Microeconomic Mspects of Cadmium and its Compounds, Pinal Report EPA Contract 68-01-2926, Task 1, EPA, Washington, D.C., 1976, p. 56. 

The effects of cadmium may be modulated by environmental factors, including salinity and the presence of other compounds. The synergistic inhibition of limb regeneration in the hermit crab Uca pugilator caused by combinations of cadmium and methylmerciiry is only evident in water of high salinity. ... 

Cadmium and certain compounds Kidney, prostate, lung... 

CADMIUM AND INORGANIC COMPOUND Cadmium in urine Not critical 5 pg/g creatinine B... 

Substances which possess carcinogenic properties Mercury and its compounds Cadmium and its compounds... 

MDHS 10/2 Cadmium and inorganic compounds m air (atomic absorption spectrometry)... 

Cadmium and inorganic compounds of cadmium in air (X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy) Chromium and inorganic compounds of chromium m air (atomic absorption spectrometry) Chromium and inorganic compounds of chromium m air (X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy) General methods for sampling and gravimetnc analysis of respirable and mhalable dust Carbon disulphide in air... 

Another important storage depot for toxic compounds is the skeleton. In particular, cadmium and lead bind and accumulate in the bone tissue from which they are released very slowly. The half-life of elimination of cadmium is several years, the half-life of lead is several months. 

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