Cables reflections

Fig. 6.11 Measured pulses of a mode-locked argon laser at A = 488 nm (a) monitored with a fast photodiode and a sampling oscilloscope (500 ps/div). The small oscillations after the pulse are cable reflections (b) the attenuated scattered laser light was detected by a photomultiplier (single-photon counting) and stored in a multichannel analyzer. The time resolution is limited by the pulse rise times of the photodiode and photomultiplier, respectively [656]...

Fig.11.6a,b. Observed output pulses from an argon laser at X = 488 nm, actively mode locked by an acousto-optic modulator, (a) Detected with a fast photodiode and a sampling oscilloscope, (b) detected by single-photon counting technique using a photomultiplier. The oscillations following the optical pulse in (a) are due to cable reflections of the electric output signal from the diode. The pulse width in (b) is limited by electron transit time variations in the photomultiplier [11.10]... 

Waveguides are coimnonly used to transmit microwaves from the source to the resonator and subsequently to the receiver. For not-too-high-frequency radiation (<10 GHz) low-loss MW transmission can also be achieved usmg strip-lines and coaxial cables. At the output of a klystron an isolator is often used to prevent back-reflected microwaves to perturb the on-resonant klystron mode. An isolator is a microwave-ferrite device that pemiits the transmission of microwaves in one direction and strongly attenuates their propagation in the other direction. The prmciple of this device involves the Faraday effect, that is, the rotation of the polarization... 

Cable junction, low refraction and reflection. Arrester essential i V,> BIL of the cable... 

Note Cable junction b has a high refraction and reflection. Arrester would be essential to protect the cable rather than the transformer, if 2Vi > BIL of the cable. If the cable is long enough say. > 50 metre or so, the natural dampening of Ihe incident wave up to junction b may be enough and may not cause any harmful effect even without the arrester... 

Successful combination of a chromatographic procedure for separating and isolating additive components with an on-line method for obtaining the IR spectrum enables detailed compositional and structural information to be obtained in a relatively short time frame, as shown in the case of additives in PP [501], and of a plasticiser (DEHP) and an aromatic phenyl phosphate flame retardant in a PVC fabric [502], RPLC-TSP-FTIR with diffuse reflectance detection has been used for dye analysis [512], The HPLC-separated components were deposited as a series of concentrated spots on a moving tape. HPLC-TSP-FTIR has analysed polystyrene samples [513,514], The LC Transform has also been employed for the identification of a stain in carpet yarn [515] and a contaminant in a multiwire cable [516], HPLC-FTIR can be used to maintain consistency of raw materials or to characterise a performance difference. 

Time domain reflectrometry Sends pulses through a cable and observes the reflected waveform, which is correlated to soil moisture Consists of a cable tester (or specifically designed commercial time domain reflectrometry unit), coaxial cable, and a stainless steel probe... 

The maximum input acceptance angle for a fiber-optic cable is determined by the critical angle for total internal reflection, which is given by Snell s law ... 

Figure 5.30 Internal reflection and acceptance angle in a fiber-optic cable.

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